CIHM 
Microfiche 
Series 
(IMonograplis) 


ICIMH 

Collection  de 
microfiches 
(monographies) 


Canadian  Instituta  for  Historical  Microraproductiont  /  institut  Canadian  da  microraproductiona  historiquas 


Technical  and  Bibliographic  Notes  /  Notes  techniques  et  bibliographiques 


The  Institute  has  attempted  to  obtain  the  Isest  original 
copy  available  for  filming.  Features  of  this  copy  which 
may  be  bibHographicaily  unique,  whicti  may  alter  any  of 
the  images  in  the  reproduction,  or  which  may 
significantly  change  the  usual  method  of  filming  are 
checked  below. 

0  Coloured  covers  / 
Couverture  de  couleur 

□  Covers  damaged  / 
Couverture  endommagte 

0  Covers  restored  and/or  laminated  / 
Couverture  restaur^  et/ou  pellicula 

Cover  title  missing  /  Le  titre  de  couverture  manque 


I   Coloured  maps  /  Cartes  gdographiques  en  couleur 

□   Coloured  ink  (i.e.  other  than  blue  or  black)  / 
Encre  de  couleur  (i.e.  autre  que  bteue  ou  noire) 

□   Coloured  plates  and/or  illustrations  / 
Planches  et/ou  illustrations  en  couleur 

□   Bound  with  other  material  / 
Relid  avec  d'autres  documents 

Only  edition  available  / 
Seule  Edition  disponible 

Tight  binding  may  cause  shadows  or  distortion  atong 
interior  margin  /  La  reliure  serrte  peut  causer  de 
I'ombre  ou  de  la  distoreion  le  long  de  la  marge 
int^rieure. 

Blank  leaves  added  during  restorations  may  appear 
within  the  text.  Whenever  possible,  these  have  been 
omitted  from  filming  /  Use  peut  que  certaines  pages 
blanches  ajoutdes  lors  d'une  restauration 
apparaissent  dans  le  texte,  mais,  lorsque  cela  6tait 
possible,  ces  pages  n'ont  pas  6\6  filmtes. 


D 


D 


L'Institut  a  mk:rofilm«  le  meilleur  exemplaire  qu'il  lui  a 
6\6  possible  de  se  procurer.  Les  details  v  -  cet  exem- 
plaire qui  sont  peut-dtre  unk^ues  du  point  de  vue  bibli- 
ographique,  qui  peuvent  modifier  une  image  reproduite, 
ou  qui  peuvent  exiger  une  modifteation  dans  la  mdtho- 
de  nonnale  de  filmage  sont  indk^ute  ci-dessous. 

I     I  Cotoured  pages  /  Pages  de  couleur 

I I   Pages  damaged  /  Pages  endommag^es 


Pages  restored  and/or  laminated  / 
Pages  restaur^es  et/ou  pellicultes 


0   Pages  discoloured,  stained  or  foxed  / 
Pages  dteolor^es,  tachet^es  ou  pk:|utes 

I     I   Pages  detached  /  Pages  d^tachtes 

\y]  Showthrough/ Transparence 

0  Quality  of  print  varies  / 
Quality  indgale  de  I'impression 

Includes  supplementary  material  / 
Comprend  du  matdriel  suppl^mentaire 

Pages  wholly  or  partially  obscured  by  errata  slips, 
tissues,  etc.,  have  beer  refilmed  to  ensure  the  best 
possible  image  /  Les  pages  totalement  ou 
partiellement  obscurcies  par  un  feuillet  d'errata,  une 
pelure,  etc.,  ont  6\6  film^s  k  nouveau  de  fagon  k 
obtenir  la  meilleure  image  possible. 

Opposing  pages  with  varying  colouration  or 
discolourations  are  filmed  twice  to  ensure  the  best 
possible  image  /  Les  pages  s'opposant  ayant  des 
colorations  variables  ou  des  decolorations  sont 
film^es  deux  fois  afin  d'obtenir  la  meilleure  image 
possible. 


D 
D 


D 


ryi  Additional  comments  / 


Commentaires  suppl^mentaires: 


Pagination  Is  as  follom:  p.  173-241,  [%7]  leavss  of  plates. 


This  Ham  is  f  llmad  at  tha  raduetion  ratio  ehaelcad  baiow  / 

Ca  doeumant  aat  Aim*  au  taux  da  rMuetion  indiqu*  ei-dassous. 


lOx 

14x 

18x 

22x 

26x 

30x 

^/ 

ia» 


lex 


20x 


24x 


28x 


32x 


Th«  copy  fHnMd  h9f  hat  baan  raproduesd  thanks 
to  th«  9«n«rotity  of: 

Brandon  University 
John  E.  Robblns  Library 


L'Momplairo  film«  fut  roproduit  grico  *  la 
gAnirosM  da: 

Brandon  University 
John  E.  Robblns  Library 


Tha  imagaa  appaaring  hara  ara  tha  baat  quality 
possibia  eonsidaring  tha  condition  and  lagibility 
of  tho  original  copy  and  in  kaaping  with  tha 
filming  eontraet  apacif  icationa. 


Original  copiaa  in  printad  papar  eovars  ara  fllmad 
baginning  with  tha  front  eovar  and  anding  on 
tha  last  paga  with  a  printad  or  iiluatratad  impraa- 
sion,  or  tha  back  cover  whan  appropriata.  All 
othar  original  copiaa  ara  filmad  baginning  on  tho 
first  paga  with  a  printad  or  iiluatratad  impraa- 
sion.  and  anding  on  tho  laat  paga  wHh  a  printad 
or  iHuatratad  impraaaion. 


Tha  last  racordad  frama  on  aach  microfiche 
shall  contain  tha  symbol  -^>  (meaning  "CON- 
TINUED"), or  tha  symbol  ▼  (moaning  "END"). 
whichavar  applies. 

Mapa.  plates,  charts,  etc..  mey  be  fUmeo  at 
different  reduction  ratios.  Those  too  large  to  be 
entirely  included  in  one  exposure  are  filmed 
beginning  in  the  upper  left  hand  comer,  left  to 
right  and  top  to  bonom,  as  many  fremes  ss 
required.  The  following  diagrams  illustrate  the 
method: 


Les  images  suivsntes  ont  At*  reproduites  svec  Is 
plus  grand  soin.  eompvo  tsnu  de  la  condition  st 
do  le  nettetA  de  I'exempisirs  filmi.  ot  9n 
conformitA  evec  les  conditions  du  contrat  de 
filmege. 

Lee  esemplairas  origineux  dont  la  couvertur«  sn 
pepier  eet  ImprimAe  sent  filmte  sn  commsncsnt 
per  le  premier  plot  et  en  terminant  soit  par  Is 
darniAre  paga  qui  comporta  una  amprsinto 
d'impression  ou  d'iliustrstion,  scit  par  la  tscond 
plat,  salon  le  cas.  Tous  les  sutres  sxemplsirss 
originoux  sent  filmis  en  comment snt  psr  Is 
premiere  page  qui  comporte  une  empreinte 
d'impression  ou  d'iliustrstion  et  sn  tsrminant  psr 
la  darni*re  paga  qui  comporte  une  telle 
empreinte. 

Un  des  symboles  suivsnts  spparaltra  sur  la 
darniira  image  de  cheque  microfiche,  salon  Is 
cas:  le  symbols  -^  signlfis  "A  SUIVRE".  le 
symbols  ▼  signifie  "FIN". 

Les  certes.  plenches.  tableaux,  etc..  peuvsnt  *tre 
fiimto  A  des  taux  de  rAduction  diff Aronts. 
Lorsque  le  document  est  trop  grsnd  pour  Atrs 
roproduit  en  un  soul  ciichA,  it  est  filmA  A  psrtir 
de  I'sngle  supArieur  gsuche.  de  gauche  A  droits. 
et  de  haut  en  bas.  an  prenant  le  nombre 
d'imeges  nAcessaire.  Les  diegrammes  suivsnts 
illustrent  le  mAthode. 


1  2  3 


1  2  3 

4  5  6 


MKiocorv  msounoN  tbt  chart 

(ANSI  and  ISO  TEST  CHART  No.  2) 


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BT^  'SS3  Eost  Main  SIrMt 

rj;  RochMt«r.  N«w  Yord        1460  J      USA 

^g  (716)  482 -0300- Phone 

^B  (716)  288  -  S989  -  Fo> 


1      ANTHROPOLOGICAL  PAPERS 


OP  THE 


American  Museum  of  Natui 

History. 

Vol.  VI.  PartAl.         ^/^%1 

'MMon 


GN 
2. 

V.6 
PT.2 


THF    PREHISTORIC   ETHNOLOGY    OFj 
KENTUCKY   SITE. 

HARi.AN  I.  SMITH. 


ANTHROPOLOGICAL  PAPERS 


OF  THE 


American  riuseum  of  Natural 

History. 


Vol.  VI,  Part  II. 


THE    PREHISTORIC    ETHNOLOGY    OF   A 
KENTUCKY    SITE. 


BY 


HARLAN  I.  SMITH. 


NEW  YORK: 

Published  by  Order  of  the  Trustees. 

1910. 


ANTHROPOLOGICAL  PAPERS 


or   THE 


American  Museum  of  Natural  History 

Vol.  VI,  Part  H. 


THK  FKKHF.STOKIC  ETHXOIXXJY  OF  A  KKNTIC  KV  SITE. 
Mv  Harlax  I.  Smith. 


nxliK 


COXTKNTS. 

IXTHODITTION  .... 

Kesoi  RcKs  IN  Ammai.  AM)  Plant  Matkkiam 

FixhI 

Matcriiilx  f.>r  .Mamifiii-tim',  MinoniLs,  Stonr,  M 

li<»IH' 

Ant  lor 

Ti-cth  ... 

•'^•"•11  ...... 

I'latit  Mal«>riiils           .... 
.*»K<  iRix(i  Food 

Huntini{,  Fi.sliinn,  OatheriiiK  Wild  Plant  P 

I'oinis  chipjHMl  out  of  Stono 

Maniifarturc  of  Points  chipptHl  out  of  Stoi 

Points  nibbiMl  out  of  Ant!  r 

-MainifiMturc  of  Points  nihlxHl  out  of  Antl 

Snai^-w,  lto,..s,  Calls,  an.l  Chamis 

Fish  S|M'aiN         •         •         .         .         . 

Fish  H(M>ks 

Nets  ■■.'.'.'. 

(iathcrini;  Pl.ant  Fo<m1 
PiiKi'ARATiox  <iK  Food      .... 

Knives        ••..,. 

Prstlrs  and  Mortars 

r'(H)kin(t 

Potti'r>- 

Manufartun- of  Pottprj-      . 

Stnincrs     .  .         .         . 

S|)oons 


tals, 


'   ,  and  .Wtri'  "lit 


md  Clav 


Pmw. 

177 
179 
179 
181 
181 
182 
182 
18:i 
18:} 

ik:{ 
ih:) 

1^4 
IM 
185 
18.5 

IMS 

ml 

189 
189 

m» 

*» 


I'.m 


173 


1<4  AnIkrviMAogiail  I'aptr*  Amfrimn  Mumum  »/  \<ilur»l  IliMortt.     |ViH   VI. 


*oH"« nw 

Suntrtjuth                            ]9I 

IIabitationh 194 

CV«'h«'n 194 

^*«'  ^ 194 

TimHj*  i-i*kd  nv  M>:n 1^4 

C«'ltn  iiiiuic  of  8lonc Hjj-, 

Ccltd  inadv  of  Anth'r DNi 

Miinufiu-tun>  of  C«'I»h  niacic  »f  Antler 19(( 

HiiftinK  uimI  I'w \yi\ 

IIuniiiierNtonrK \y^\ 

PiilfHl  S(()ii<>H 197 

\\  hctsionPH         ,         .                 jj)7 

Arn)w-i!lmft  SmfK^hon* KDn 

v'hiH«>l!i  of  Hon*' 1{IS 

Pin*  and  Cylindi'm  of  Anlitr  and  Bono 19K 

Knivi'fi  nHuii' of  H4'av<'r  Tm'IIi t9H 

("liipiM-d  KlakcH \\y^ 

Chipix'd  Drill  I'oiniN 1«> 

TOOIJ*  fSKI)  HV  WftMK.N 20(J 

.S<Tii|MTN  chipiNHl  out  of  Stone 2()() 

S<'ra|M'rs  made  of  Bone 20(» 

ManufiK'tim- of  Srru|>orN  made  of  Bone ,        .  201 

AwIh 2(H 

Ni-*-*!!!'."*      .............  2()4 

Muniifact  lire  of  Needles 2(M 

SpinnhiK  and  WVavinn 20.') 

Fintter  Xails  and  Tifx* 20.% 

I'mM'KHHKf*  OF  Maxitaitikk            20."> 

UiihbinK 20.") 

t'uttinit -iOt) 

DrillinK 20() 

FiincliinK J(H) 

C'liippiiiK 207 

P'laking 207 

I'eekinK 207 

Mcnlelinic            207 

Inipn-ssioK ;        .        .  2()S 

Twist  inn 20S 

KiiittiiiK 2()S 

Paint  in(£ 20K 

History  OK  .Mantfa«ti-rkd  OiUKfTs 20S 

(Iamks.  RKi.KiKHs  OBJF.rxH,  Pipes,  AND  .\mi-8Eme\ts 209 

Tulx's  and  Cylinders 20!» 

Dice 200 

Hin(j  and  I'in  Game 2(K» 

Manufacltire  of  Phalanx  Bone  Ob.ieets                210 

Disps 210 

Manufiietiire  of  Discs  made  of  Ston.> 210 


lino.  I 


Smith,  I'rrhiniorir  KtHfurkif, 


175 


MniHifurtiin'  of  l)iwM  iim<U>  tntiii  Polxlienli 
Kuttl«>N 

(•i>ntflrl 

Munururtiiri'  »f  Whiitlkv 

Mttniifui-iim-  of  PIim-h  huuIo  of  8toru> 
AiiiiiM'ini'ntN 
Wakkark 

DkKHH  AM»  AD4IK\MKNT     . 

ClothiiiK  Mutcriiilx     . 

MlN-CUNitW 

liair  Spn'wIiTH 
Combs 

i'<>n<liinlM    . 

Mii*c4>llan<>ouH  DmiuiicntH 
Akt  .... 

Inji'rieh  a.nd  Diheankh    . 

S-alp  Cuts 

Arrow  WoiinilN 

KittctiirPK 

DixoiiMHi  indiviiluulH 

Itoiien  I)im>u8<><l 

IdontiKf-ation  of  Oitu'tisc 

Ix)nv  vity 

.MeTHC.  HlRIAL 

Mou  '  . 

"Alt ..,■»'    . 

<  iruvfM 

Position  of  the  Skflf ton 

i'lunil  an<J  Bundle  Biiriuls 

.ArfifaftN  in  Graves     . 
Contusion 
Bibliography 


211 

211 

211 

212 

212 

212 

212 

2i:i 

214 

214 

2!  4 

214 

215 

215 

21tl 

21rt 

217 

221 

222 

225 

•225 

22ft 

22ft 

227 

227 

22H 

22K 

22S 

22K 

2a> 

22t) 
2») 
230 
•231 
231 
234 


XVII-XIX. 

XX-XXI. 

XXII. 

XXIII. 

XXIV-XXX. 

XXXI-XXXIII. 

XXXIV-XXXV. 


Il.LrSTRATlONS. 
Platks. 

Rcsoiirci's. 

Implonienls  for  .securing  Foo<l. 

Implements  used  in  preparing  I 

Objects  u.sed  in  preparing  Footl. 

Potterj'. 

Tools  u.se<l  by  Men. 

Tools  use<l  by  Women. 


jd. 


176         Anthropological  Pnpers  American  Muaeum  of  Natural  History.    [Vol.  VI, 


XXXVI-XXXVII.  Processes  of  Manufurturr. 

XXXVIII-XLII.  Manufacture. 

XLIII-XLIV.  Games. 

XLV-XLVII.  Pipes. 

XLVIII-L.  Personal  Adornment. 

LI.  Miscellaneous  Objects. 

LII-LIX.  Art. 

LX-LXIV.  Method  of  Burial. 


Text  Figures. 
1.     Designs  on  Certain  Stone  and  Pottery  Objects 


Page. 
224 


Introdiction. 

The  Fox  Farm  is  situate*!  in  Mason  County,  Kentucky,  alwut  fourteen 
miles  south  southwest  from  Maysville,  three  miles  north  from  May's  Lick, 
and  one  mile  west  of  the  road  leading  from  May's  Lick  to  Maysville.     It 
is  not  far  from  the  historic  WashinRton,  ma.le  famous  by  Harriet  Beecher 
Stowe  in  "Uncle  Tom's  Cabin."     It  is  in  the  AlRonkin  linguistic  area. 
The  land  is  rolling,  and  cut  b\-  numerous  creeks  which  discharge  into  the 
north  fork  of  the  Licking  River  and  so  their  waters  eventually  reach  the 
Ohio.    These  streams  cut  through  nearly  horizontal  strata  of  the  fossili- 
ferous  limestone  of  the  Ordovician  (Lower  Silurian).     The  Fox  Farm  lies 
on   I^wer  Mays\ille  ami   Upper  Eden,  formerly  supposed   to  be  alwiut 
the  equivalent  of  the  Ix>rraine  and  Utica  of  the  New  York  .series.     The 
Eden  consists  of  shale  and  thin  limestones,  the  latter  of  which  tend  to  slip 
out  on  the  surface  of  the  steep  hillsides  under  the  action  of  frost  and  rain. 
Many  of  these  are  carrie«l  by  water  some  distance  down  stream,  antl  in 
places  are  depositetl  in  such  a  way  as  to  resemble  a  pavement,  each  piece 
standing  on  edge,  but  leaning  <lown  stream.     The  Eden  outcrop  is  always 
marked  by  steep  slopes  and  a  relatively  p<K)r  soil;   the  overlying  Maysville, 
however,  gives  rise  to  goo<l  soil.     Many  of  these  slabs  of  limestone  were 
carried  by  the  prehistoric  people  of  this  vicinity  to  the  top  of  the  high  lanil 
lying  between  the  streams  and  there  used  in  the  construction  of  graves. 
There  are  numerous  salt  springs  in  the  neighlMirbwd  which  in  early  historic 
times  and  liefore,  were  \isited  by  <ieer  and  other  animals  for  the  purpose 
of  licking  the  salt  depositee!  about  their  e<!ges.     Consequently,  many  of 
the  names  of  the  nearby  villages  terminate  in  the  word   "Lick."     The 
country  was  heavily  w.HxIed  and  timln-r  was  so  common  that  even  at  the 
time  of  our  work  there  (iSOo)  rail  fences  could  be  seen  whic-h  contained 
rails  of  the  now  valuable  black  walnut. 

A  large  prehistoric  village  site,  a  number  of  graves.  an.I  mounds  situated 
on  the  higher  part  of  this  farm  near  three  natural  sink  holes  where  the 
imderlying  lime  rock  has  dissohed  have  i)een  known  for  many  years.  While 
Prof.  Cyrus  Thomas.'  refers  to  an  enclosure  known  as  "Fox's  Fort,"  proba- 
bly one  of  the  sink  holes,  three  miles  northwest  of  May's  Lick,  which  was 
reported  to  him  by  Mr.  (Jerard  Fowke.  no  full  account  of  tiiem  has  been 
publi.shed,  nor  are  there  in  any  publication  illustrations  and  descriptions 


'  Tlioiiia.-..  |).  !)S. 


I'S  A,Uhropologic,d  I'a,>er»  A„^ric„n  \t„>^eum  of  Satuml  llMonj.    \\n\.  VI, 

characterizing  the  culture  of  the  people  who  fonnerlv  lived  there     Speci- 
mens  have  been  collected  on  the  surface  of  this  site,  especialh   l.v  Mr 
Gerard  Fowke  and  by  Col.  Frederick  H.  Bierlmwer  of  Mavsville  as  well  as 
l)y  casual  visitors  to  the  place.    A  considerable  collec-tion  from  this  site 
may  be  seen  in  the  Museum  of  the  Public  Librarv  at  Maysville 

During  June,  July,  an.l  August.  1895.  I  made  a  .series  of  exploratif.ns 
on  the  Fo.x  Farm  and  a  reconnoissanc-e  of  the  ^•ieinitv  for  the  American 
Museum  of  Natural  History.  Pr<.fess.)r  Frederick  W.  Putnam  at  that 
time  Curator  of  Anthropology  in  the  Museum,  planned  for  me  to  continue 
these  explorations  during  the  suksequent  year  and  to  complete  them,  but 
no  appropriation  was  made  the  next  year  for  continuing  the  work  and 
the  American  archaeological  work  of  the  Jesup  \<,rth  Pacific  Expediti.)n 
engaged  my  attention  during  the  following  years.  We  have  a  verv  large 
and  judging  from  the  artifacts  usually  found  in  the  Ohio  Vallev.  a  rather 
complete  collection  from  this  place.'  There  is  consideral,le  literature 
regarding  the  archaeology  of  the  general  region  and  for  this  reason  we  may 
omit  a  detailetl  report  on  this  work  and  attempt  a  characterization  of  the 
culture  of  the  prehistoric  inhabitants,  especially  for  comparison  with  the 
results  of  later  work  in  Ohio  in  a  similar  culture,  earrie<l  on  by  Mr.  William 
(-,.  Mills.- 

The  age  of  this  village  site  is  unknown.  Glass  beads,  arrow  points  of 
iron,  iron  tomahawks,  trade  pipes,  or  similar  articles  showing  evidence  of 
contact  with  whites  were  not  foun.l.  The  oldest  families  in  the  neighlM.r- 
hood  who  have  lived  there  for  several  generations  have  no  knowledge  or 
traditions  of  anyone  having  inhabited  the  place  except  their  own  people 
or  of  anyone  who  made  burials  there.  On  the  other  hand,  there  is  no 
positive  evidence  pointing  to  its  great  antiquity.  The  finds  have  In-eii 
comparecl  with  those  made  by  Mills  at  the  Adena  Mound  an.l  at  the  Gart- 
ner Mound  and  village  site  which  are  between  tUi  and  SO  miles  northeast 
as  the  "crow  flies."  from  the  Fox  Farm. 

The  accompanying  illustrations  of  artifacts  are  from  photographs  by 

*  fi  ,?""""  ^'  ^"'''""''  «"^  '*'»"«•  ^^^  "'^i^-ts  "n^  half  natural  size,  tho.se 
of  held  views  are  from  negatives  by  the  writer.  The  drawings  are  by  Miss 
Ruth  B.  Howe.  The  animal  bones  have  been  identified  by  Dr.  W  I) 
Matthews  and  Mr.  Barnum  Brown.  Mrs.  Fannv  E.  Fox  gave  us  permis- 
sion to  e.xplore  on  her  land;  Dr.  Charles  L.  Metz  of  Madisonville,  Ohio, 
made  arrangements  for  our  explorations  and  caused  preliminarv  prospec-t- 
ing  excavations  to  be  made  by  several  of  my  former  workers;    Col.  Frederick 


'Smith.  (D. 

=  .Mills,  (a),  anil  (b). 


lUlO.j 


Sniilh,   I'liliinlorir  Krnhirky. 


17» 


H.  Bierl)ower  of  Muysville,  assistwl  us  in  various  ways,  and  we  were  treated 
most  hospitably  by  Mrs.  Fox's  family,  and  the  other  people  of  the  vicinity 
In  the  field  I  was  assisted  l)y  Dr.  Cleveland  M.be.  Jr..  and  bv  Mr  George 
L.  Hamilton.  Miss  Edith  I.  Demerell  and  Mi.ss  Bella  Weitzner  assisted  in 
preparmg  the  manuscript  for  the  press  and  in  readinK  proof. 
New  York  City, 

Detember,   14.  1910. 


1{f,HOI  Kt  KS   IN    AxtMAI,   AND   Pl.ANT   MaTEKI 


Alii. 


The  prehistoric  people  of  the  Fo.x  Farm,  as  indicate*!  In  the  results  of 
these  explorations,  depended  on  a  variety  of  natural  products;  but  no 
mdications  were  found  that  they  relie.1  particularly  upon  anv  one  staple 
resource.  Some  of  the  animal  and  plant  materials  used  are  suggested  by 
the  specimens,  shown  in  Plates  xvii-x.x.  which  were  found  in  excavating 
m  the  village  site  and  also  in  the  earth  of  which  the  mounds  were  made 
evidently  scraped  up  from  the  adjacent  surface  of  the  surrounding  village 

Foml.  For  food,  they  could  choose  from  black  bear  (Plate  xvii.  Fig  1 ) 
deer  (Plate  xvii.  Fig.  2).  elk  (Plate  xvii,  Fig.  :i),  racc(K,n  (Plate  xvii.' 
Fig.  4),  opossum  (Plate  xvni,  Fig  7).  woodchuck  (Plate  xviii,  Fig.  8). 
bea  -r  (Plate  xviii,  Fig.  9),  red  or  fox  squirrel  (Plate  xviii.  Fig  10) 
wild  turkey  (Plate  xviii,  Fig.  2),  duck  (Plate  xviii.  Fig.  li),  turtle  (Plate 
XIX.  Figs.  1-2),  and  fish  (Plate  xix,  Fig.  :i),  as  shown  by  the  lM)nes  of  these 
animals.  In  the  Adena  Mound  of  Ohio,  Mills  found  bones  of  the  black 
bear,  Virginia  deer,  elk,  raccoon,  otter,  beaver,  wild  turkey,  trumpeter 
swan,  and  great  horned  owl,  and  incisors  of  the  beaver.*  In  the  (Jartner 
Mound,  as  imlicate.1  by  the  finds  .)f  bones  and  shells,  he  found  black  l>ear, 
•leer,  elk,  wolf,  gray  fox,  beaver,  raccoon,  mountain  lion,  wild  cat.  Indian 
dog,  muskrat.  ground  hog,  opossum,  rabbit,  mink,  squirrel,  wiH  turkey, 
wild  goose,  trumpeter  swan,  great  horned  owl,  fresh  water  drum  and  mus- 
sels.2  The  remains  of  .seventeen  different  animals  were  found  in  the  adja- 
cent Gartner  village  site  among  liich  were  the  elk,  Virginia  deer,  which 
constitute.1  about  half  the  large  imal  Imnes.  black  bear,  grav  wolf,  gray 
fox.  mountain  lion,  wil.l  cat,  bea  er.  raccoon,  opossum,  mink,  muskrat. 
rabbit,  skunk,  groim.l  hog.  otter,  Indian  dog,  wild  turkev  which  made  up 


'  Mills,  (a),  pp.  12.  20.  2:i,  2.5. 
-Mills,  (h).  pp.  S,  IM,  28. 


IW  Anthropological  Papers  American  Museum  of  Xalural  History.     (Vol.  \I, 

eighty  per  cent  of  the  bird  bones,  trumpeter  swan,  wihj  goose,  great  hornw! 
owl,  bald  eagle,  bittern,  fish,  box  turtle,  and  mussel. 

That  fish  were  used  for  food  here  in  Kentucky  is  also  suggested  by  the 
fish  hooks  made  of  bone  which  were  frequently  found  (p.  187.  Plate  xxi. 
Figs.  11-13)  and  by  the  impressions  of  netting  on  potterv  (Plate  xxi' 
Fjg.  15).  Bones  and  scales  of  fish  were  found  by  Mills  in  the  refuse  pit^ 
m  the  Gartner  site.'  We  dug  up  shells  of  several  species  of  fresh  water 
dams  (Plate  xix.  Figs.  4.  5).  Mussels  were  apparently  much  used  for 
food  by  the  prehistoric  people  of  the  Gartner  village  site,^  and  lm\s  of  them 
probably  kitchen  refuse,  like  little  shell  heaps,  were  found  in  the  cache 
holes,  used  as  refuse  pits. 

The  charred  remains  of  corn  and  com  cobs,  l)eans,  hickorv  nuts,  and 
walnuts  (Plate  xix,  Figs.   6-10),  were  also  secured  on   the  Fox   Farm 
The  corn  cobs  were  small  but  Iwre  eight  and  twelve  rows  of  corn  while  at 
the  Baum  site  Mills  found  cobs  of  eight  and  ten  rows."     Some  pottery 
bearing  impressions  such  as  probably  coulJ  be  made  with  the  large  end  of 
a  peach  pit  (Plate  lv.  Fig.  11)  was  found  here.     Mr.  H.  P.  Gould,  pomolo- 
gist  in  charge  of  fruit  district  investigations,  of  the  United  States  Depart- 
ment of  Agriculture  informs  me  that  the  Department  has  no  historical 
evidence  indicating  the  existence  of  the  peach  in  Kentucky  ih  pre-f'olum- 
bian  times,  in  fact  that  the  species  Prunu^  pcrsica  to  which  the  peach  be- 
longs is  not  indigenous  to  this  countrv  and.  so  far  as  he  is  aware,  all  of  the 
closely  related  species  to  which  the  apricots,  almonds,  etc.,  l,elong  are  also 
mtroduceil  species  and  were  brought  to  this  country,  so  far  as  we  have  any 
mformation.  in  comparatively  recent  times.     He  also  states  that  none  of  the 
plums  they  know  anx  thing  about  have  large  rough  pits  and  in  fact,  that  the 
native  plums,  whioli  alone  of  the  plum  family  could  have  figured  in  the  pre- 
white  occupation  of  Kentucky,  must  have  possessed  relatively  small  and  com- 
paratively smooth  pits  as  judgecl  by  the  characteri.stics  of  the  native  plums 
of  the  present  time.     He  states  that  if  there  was  anything  in  the  wav  of  a 
plum  having  a  large  rough  pit  which  could  have  been  u.sed  to  make  the 
markings  on  this  pottery,  it  must  have  been  something  now  lost  and  un- 
known even  historically,  so  far  as  the  horticultural  varieties  and  types  of 
plums  are  concerned.     It  thus  seems  that  the  markings  were  either  not  made 
with  a  peach  pit  or  that  the  pottery  was  made  since  the  discoverv  of  America 
an.l  the  introduction  of  the  peach,  but  in  this  case  it  seems  strange  that  no 
other  evidences  of  white  contact  were  found.     In  the  Gartn-.-  village  site 
corn  on  the  c-ob.  shelled  corn,  beans,  hickory  nuts  of  three  kinds,  and  wal- 


I  Mills,  (b).  p.  FiU. 
'Mills,  (b).  pp.  20-:«). 
"Mills,  (c!.  p.  Ml. 


I!»10.| 


Smith,  Prehistorie  Kentucky. 


181 


nuts  wm-  found  in  a  charm!  state  '  hut  there  chestnuts  ami  seeds  of  tlie 
pawpaw,  l)utteniuts.  hazel  nuts,  ami  the  seeds  of  the  wild  plutr.  all  in  a 
charrefl  condition  were  also  found. 

Matrriakfor  Munufmtun',  Mhurals,  Stone.  MtiaU,  am/  Clai,.      For  raw 
inaterial  to  make  twJs  an.l  other  ohjects,  they  depended  upt.n  stone,  clay. 
Iwne,  antler,  tt^eth,  shell,  and  plant  sul)stances.     Chert,  chalcedony,  and 
jasper  were  used  for  chipped  points  to  arrows,  spears,  kni^es,  .Irills,  and 
scrapers,  as  shown  by  objects  made  of  those  materials.     Jasper  was  also 
chipiKHl  into  celts  (Plate  xx.xi,  FiR.  9).     Limestone  was  chipped  into  discs 
(Plate   XXII,  Fig.  2),  pecked   into  pitte<l   stones   (Plates   xxxii,   Fig    7) 
and  made  into   whetstones  (Plate  xxxiii.  Fig.  1),  arrow-shaft  .smootheni 
(Plate   XXXIII.  Fig.  5)   ami  pipts   (Plate  xlvi.  Fig.  7).     Sandstone  was 
made  into  whetstones,  arrow-shaft  smoothers  (Plate  xxxiii.  Figs.  3  and  6) 
iliscs,  perforate*!  .liscs  (Plate  XMV.  Figs.  1-6,  am!  8-18),  and  pipes  (Plate 
XLV,  Figs.  1-3).     Slate  furnishe*!  the  material   for  perforated   tablets  or 
K<.rgets  (Plate  l,  Fig.  1).  and  for  a  surface  on  which  to  incise  pictures 
(Plate  i.u.  Fig.  8).     Pebbles  of  quartz  and  other  material   were  made 
into  hammerstones  (Plate  xxxn.  Figs,  l-n),  and  pecktnl  and  ground   into 
celts    (Plate    xxxi).     Xo    gold,  silver,  copper,   i    -n,  galena,  or    objects 
ma.le  of  any  of  these  materials  were  found  although  in  the  Baum  site  of  the 
same  material  culture  copper  was  fouml.^    We  foumi  no  mica  here  as  Mills 
<!i«l  at  the  .\dena  Mound  and  the  Gartner  site  of  Ohio.^ 

Clay  was  used  for  making  pottery  which  was  fashioned  into  vessels, 
strainers  (Plate  xxiii,  Figs.  3  4).  spoons  (Plate  i.i.  Fig.  4),  pipes  (Plate 
xiA,  Fig.  11),  .liscs  (Plate  xi.iii.  Figs.  9,  10),  perforated  discs  (Plate 
XLin,  Fig.  11),  beads  (Plate  xi.viii.  Fig.  1),  an.l  various  modeled  forms  on 
the  e<!ges  of  the  vessels  (Plate  i.iv,  Figs.  3-.")). 

Bonr.  The  Sone.  antler,  and  teeth  of  animals  were  u.sed  as  material 
out  of  ivhich  to  make  various  objects,  and  their  skins  no  doubt  were  em- 
ployed in  making  garments  and  other  useful  things.  The  following  species 
were  repiescnteci  by  the  remains  found:  the  black  bear  (Plate  xvii.  Fig. 
1),  ^'i^ginia  deer  (Plate  xvii  •,  2t,  elk  (Plate  xvii,  Fig.  3).  wolf,'  rac- 
coon (Plate  xvir.  Fig.  4),  re  .x  (Plate  xvii.  Fig.  .-».  lyn.x  or  wild  cat 
(Plate  x\ni,  Fig.  (i),  oixwsiim  (Plate  win,  Fig.  7).  woodchiuk  (Plate 
xviir.  Fig.  S),  l)Paver  (Plate  xviii.  Fig.  9),  red  or  fox  squirrel  (Plate 
xviii.  Fig.  10),  pack  or  w.M)d  rat  (Plate  xviii,  Fig.  in,  mink  (Plate 
xviii.  Fig.  12),  weasel  (Plate  xviii.  Fig.  13),  great  blue  heron  (Plate  xviii. 
Fig.  1),  wild  turkey  (Plate  xviii.  Fig.  2),  duck  (Plati-  xviii,  Fig.  3),  owl 

'  Mills,  (b),  pp.  2(i.  -Xi.  ;{4.  .-,3. 

'Mills.  .[•;.  p.  lM. 

'Mills,  (a),  p.  II:    (hi,  ,-.  (;,-, 


1«2  AulhroiHdmcl  l',„MT,  Am^rir,,,,  M„^,um  of  Xalun.l  HiHtory.    [\o\.  \|, 

(Plate  XV,.,    Fig.  4).  eagle   (Plate   xv,„.  Fig.  5),  two  spec-ies  of  turtles 
(Plate  x,x,  F,K..  1.  2).  an.l   fi«h    (Plate   x,x.  Fig.   3).      The  metacarpus 
and  the  metatarsu.s   of   the   deer  were   made  into  skin   scrapers    (Plate 
xxx,v,   hig.   2),   and  awl-like    implements   (Plate   xxxiv    Figs     1>-14) 
Part  of  the  metacarpal  bone  of  the  .    er  was  foun.l  In  Mqls  in  the  Idena 
Mound  of  Ohio.'     I^rge  thick  lH>nes  furnishe<l  the  nmterial  for  cylinders 
and  nellies  (Plate  xxx,v.  Fig.  17).     The  ulnae  of  the  elk.  <leer.  I.;ar,  and 
other  animals  were  u.sed   to    make   awUlike    implements    (Plate   xxxv) 
Ihe   tarsometatarsus    (Plate   xxx.v.  Figs.    3.   4),  an.l    tihio-tarsus  (Plate 
XXXIV,  Hg.  o)  of  the  wil.l  turkey  were  also  fn  .uently  use<l  for  this  purpose. 
Pieces  of  bone  were  made  into  chisel-like  «,bjects  (Plate  xxx„i    Fig    7) 
.\rtifacts  were  made  out  of  the  penis  lK>ne  of  the  raccoon  (Plate  xu.  Figs 
4,  5.  and  Plate  u.  Figs.  10,  11).     Bone  furnishe,l  the  material  for  fish  hooks 
(Plate  X.X,,  Hgs.  11-13.  and  Plate  xxx.x.  Figs.  1-10),  and  a  numln-r  of 
objects  of  unknown  use.     Phalanx  bones  of  elk  and  deer  were  cut  at  the 
large  en.l  and  perforated  through  the  opposite  articular  surface  for  use  in  a 
game  similar  to  "ring  and  pin."  or  as  pendants  on  clothing  (Plate  xli„ 
Hgs.  4-. ).     The  astragalus  Inine  of  the  deer  (Plate  xu„.  Fig.  8)  was  frel 
quently  found  and  may  haxe  In^n  use,l  in  gambling  or  as  a  buzz.     Hollow 
light  l)ones  of  birds  were  made  into  fifes  or  whistles  (Plate  li   Figs   13-14) 
perhaps  sometimes  us«l  as  animal  calls.     Some  of  them  and  a  few  small 
bones  of  other  animals  were  cut  off  in  .sections  for  makin.-  tubes  (Plate  xx, 
Hgs.  8-10).  and  In^ads  (Plate  xlv,„.  Fig.  2).     Fragn.     ts  of  turtle  shell' 
were  also  found  in  which  a  perforation  ha.l  been  made  (Plate  xxxv,, 
I-ig.  10). 

The  claw  core,  or  terminal  phalan.x  of  an  eagle  was  incised  (Plate  xv,„ 
tig.  •>). 

Anikr      The  tips  of  antlers  were  made   into  arrow  jK>ints  (Plate  xx,. 
l-igs    1-5).     .\ntler  was  u.sed  for  making  cylinders.  lH>th  long  and  short 
(Plate   X,.,,,.  Jigs  1,  2.  and    Plate   xxx,„,  Figs.  8-10).  an.l   a    species   of 
celt-hke  objects   (Plate  xxxi.  Fig.  10.   and   Plate   xxxix,   Figs     11-14) 
Some  large  pieces  of  antler  were  perforated   at  one   end    (Plate  xxxvii 
Fig.   11). 

Tcdh  Bear  teeth  were  made  into  pendants  l»th  by  perforating  through 
the  tip  of  the  root,  and  by  grooving  around  it  (Plate  XL,x,  Figs  1.5-18) 
Teeth  of  the  elk.  deer  (Plate  x,.,x,  Fig.  10)  and  wolf  (Plate  xux.  Fig  m' 
were  also  made  into  pendants  by  perforation.  Beaver  teeth  were  cut  off 
at  the  back  and  across  the  rcK)t  for  use  as  knives  (Plate  xxx,,,,  Fi^s 
11-14).  Bear  teeth  were  --ut  off  at  the  end  of  the  enamel,  for  some,  at 
present,  unknown  purpose  (Plate  u.  Figs.  7,  8). 


'MilN.  (a).  i>.  10. 


I»10.1 


Sm.. 


frihinlorir  Kihliirky. 


IW 


Shrll  fhe  shell  of  seN oral  spt^if.  „f  fresh  water  clams  furnishe<l  the 
•nuterittl  <,r  sp.H,ns  or  serapers  (Plate  xxii.  Fi^.  «),  some  of  which  were 
perforttte.1  thmuKh  the  ,lo,ne  (Plate  xxil.  FIk-  5).  Poun,le<l  up.  thev  wert- 
u«-.i  .n  te,npc.rinK  pottery  (Plate  xxiv,  F.>.  I).  Shells,  at  least  of  Olirella, 
Umiimn,  and  Margin, lln  apirina  from  the  Atlantic  or  (Julf  ( Vmsts  secur«l 
cither  fro.n  neiKhlmring  triln-s  hy  l.arter  or  warfare  or  l,v  expeditions 
t..  the  sea  were  found  t..  have  U-en  made  into  iK-a.ls  ( Plate' xiaiii  Figs 
1:.-1S).  pendants  (Plate  xux,  Fi^s.  im-lio),  disc-s.  perforat«l  discs '(Plate 
'-.  Mks  8-14).  and  pins  (Plate  i..  Fi^r.  l(i).  Small  mean  shells  were  found 
>n  the  Adena  M,.und '  and  pieces  of  mean  shells  in  the  (iartner  Mound  = 

I  mt  MaUrmU  The  use  ..f  plant  material,  other  than  f..r  f.KKl  which 
Has  been  mention  .1.  and  for  fuel  as  in.licate.1  l.y  finds  ..f  char«»al  an.l 
wofKl  ashes.  ,s  mdicated  l.y  the  impressions  of  cord  (Plate  xxiv.  Fig  (i 
and  Plate  xxv.  FiK-  3)  ami  netting  (Plate  xxi.  FiK.  l.'..  and  Plate  xv,' 
'•'K|*.  1.  1),  upon  the  outer  surface  of  jK>ttery.  Implements  f,r  the 
Kathern.^  of  the  vcKctahle  fiber  use<l.  were  not  recoKniztnl  as  such,  if  fouml 


Skctrixo  Food. 


H""timi,    Fi.huig,    (inihring    flUd   Plu„f    l>nj<huh,    and    Aorirulturr 
Ihe  implements  used  in  pr.HurinK  f«KKl  in  this  region,  as  far  as  illustrated 
amonK  our  finds,  were  those  used  in  hunting  an«l  fishing,  such  as  points 
chipped  from  stone  or  rubbeil  out  of  antler,  fish  hcmks  of  inme.  and   nets 
^..  objects  known  ".  have  been  use.l  for  gathering  wild  plant  f.nnls  were 
b.und.  although  it  IS  true  that  walnuts  and  hickory  nuts  in  a  charred  condi- 
tum  were  secured.     Xor  were  there  any  objects  known  to  have  .served  for 
agncultural  nnplements,  in  spite  ..f  the  fact  that  charred  specin.ens  of  com 
•obs.  «,rn.  an.l  In^ans  were  not  infrequently  met  with  in  our  excavations 
and    that  the  ch.ppe.1    limestone  di.scs    (Plate  xxn.  Fig.  2).  an.l   .,bl.,ngs 
Plate    XXII.    Fig.  4).   an.l    the   .hipp.-.!   celts    (Plate  xxxi,  Fig    9)    mav 
have  b,H"n  h.H-s  or  .ligging  stick  p..ints  for  agricultural  work.     H.>wever 
|K>ne  ..f  these  ..bjects.  which  may  p.,.ssibly  have  been  use.l  in  .ligging  an.l 
meing.  bear  signs  of  fK.lishe.1  clges  cause.!  by  use  in  cultivating  the  soil 
It  will  Ik.  remember...!  that  the  large  agricultural  implements  from  Illinois 
Arkansas,  and  the  a.ljacent  country  are  ..ften  highlv  polishe.1  .,n  the  edg,' 
from  use  ,n  contact  with  san.ly  s.,il.     Possibly  all  agricultural  w.,rk  an.l 
digging  was  acomplishe.1  in  this  regi.)n  with  .ligging  sticks.     Of  <„urs.., 

'  Mllfs.  ia).  |).  :.><». 
-'  Mills,  (h).  p.  u. 


IH4  Anlhro/mltiffinil  I'liimm  Atmriiuii  Miimum  of  Sntiiml  lliiilory.     (Vol.  VI, 

many  of  tho  points  for  spears,  arrows,  an«l  knives,  may  lunt-  l>een  use<l  in 
warfare  as  well  as  for  hnntinK  and  s<»me  of  them  in  various  industries  or  fi)r 
any  of  these  purposes.  The  celts  pecked  and  ffmund  out  of  stone  (Plat«' 
XXXI,  Figs.  1-8),  those  chipped  out  of  ja.sper  (Plate  xxxi,  Vig.  9),  and 
those  made  of  antler  (Plate  xxxi,  Fig.  10),  the  «lis<-s  (Plate  xxil,  Fi^f.  2), 
and  ohlongs  (Plate  xxn,  Fijj.  4)  chipp«>d  from  limestone,  chipptHl  |)el)liles 
(Plate  XXXII,  Fig.  1),  and  hammerstones  (Plate  xxxii,  Fi»r.  4),  some 
or  all  of  each  class  may  have  .servwl  occasionallx'  for  or  s<»lely  as  axes  or 
club  heads  us«««l  in  hunting  or  warfare.  \o  groovetl  cluli  heads  or  axes 
were  found  here  (p.  105). 

Some  of  the  objects  considere<l  as  awls  may  ha\e  serve*!  as  daggers «>r 
even  a.s  spear  points  (Plate  xxxii.  Fig.  14);  large  pieces  of  antler  as  clubs 
used  in  hunting  or  in  war.  I^rge  pieces  of  antler  perforate*!  at  one  end 
(Plate  xxxvii.  Fig.  11),  may  have  l>een  used  as  slung  shots. 

PoinfH  rhipimi  out  of  Sloni'.  For  hunting,  points  f«)r  arrows,  spears, 
and  knives,  chipped  out  of  chert,  chalcedony,  quartzite  am!  jasper  were 
foun«l.  No  points  groun«l  out  of  stone  were  seen,  although  |x>ints  for 
arrows  made  by  rubbing  and  drilling  tlie  tips  of  antler  were  fr«H|uent. 

The  irious  styles  of  chippe<!  points  are  shown  in  Plate  xx.  It  will  lie 
notice*!  i!,ut  some  of  these  (Figs.  9  an<l  10)  have  serratin!  edges  and  that  tin- 
chipping  is  neitlier  of  the  most  cru<!e  nor  of  the  most  excellent  workmanship 
fouml  in  the  Mississippi  Valley.  The  edges  of  the  base  and  notches  of 
some  were  rublted  smooth  as  if  from  friction  on  tlic  lashings  that  lield  them 
to  their  shafts  (Plate  xx.  Figs.  11.  12).  \rrow  |)oints  and  a  spear  point  of 
reddish  brown  flint  were  foinid  in  tlie  Gartner  Mound,  triangidar  arrow- 
points  chipp<«d  from  stone  were  common  at  the  village  site  there '  am!  a 
spear  head  of  chalce«!ony  was  found  in  tlie  .\dena  Mound.-  No  caches  of 
these  chippe*!  implements  or  for  that  matter  of  any  otlier  class  of  objects, 
were  found  here  in  Kentucky. 

Manufacfuri'  of  Points  rhip/Mfl  out  of  Stone.  Tlie  extensive  manufacture 
of  chipped  points  apparently  did  not  take  place  at  tliis  site,  althougli  a  few 
cliips  and  flakes  as  well  as  very  roughly  chipjK'd  pi»'ces  of  st(me,  such  as 
might  well  be  termed  rejects,  were  collected  an<!  tlie  metlux!  of  manu- 
facture is  somewhat  illustrated  by  a  seiies  of  s])e('inieiis  which  may  1h' 
selected  from  the  objects  found  on  tlie  farm  (Plate  xxxviii.  Figs.  1-7). 
.Mthough,  as  previously  mentioned,  it  dm-s  not  swm  probable  that  many 
chipped  points  were  made  liere,  yet  fragments  of  stone  were  found  which 
when  fresli  from  the  quarry  and  consequently  still  containing  their  quarry 


1  Mills,  lb),  pp.  I.-,.  20.  :J7. 
!  Mills,  (a),  p.  17. 


i»IO. 


Smith,  PrehiKlofir  Krnlurky. 


^K^ 

water  w,,„l.|  hux «•  Uvn  suituhl,.  raw  .nafrial  ( Plate  xxxviii.  Fi-   I )      Th.. 
harmnersfmes  (I'lat.  xxxv.n.  FIk.   2;   Plate   xxx„;  and   p.  \mi,   yiZ 

XXXI  ,,.  hK. .{).  The  p,„„,.s  rouKhlv  ,hipp«l  into  form.  In.t  not  finislu.l 
an.l  hen  lost  or  rejme.1  In.-au..  of  son.e  fault  in  the  material  or  a„.i.l..nt 
m  ehippin^.  w,.re  also  foun.l  as  shown  in  Plate  xxxxin.  Fi^.  4.  The  fine 
H«k.nK  whuh  ..o,„ph,e,l  ,he  work  was  prolml.ly  ,|one  with  a  flaker  made  of 
lH.ne  or  antler  whuh  may  have  In.-n  l.uri«l  in  ash.,  or  otherwise  treate.1 
so  as  to  r..move  the  Kr..asy  anin.al  matter  and  ,nake  it  less  liaJ.le  to  slip  in 
the  proc-ess.  The  b.ne  an.l  antler  cylin.len,  (Plate  u.  FiK.  I.V  Plate 
XXXVIII,  P,K.  .-i;  Plate  xxxiii.  Fi^.  9;  Plate  xuii.  Fi^s.  !.  2;  p.  m)  mav 
have  been  use<|  as  flakers.  The  fine  flakes  ma.le  l.y  this  process  with  thos'e 
or  similar  Makers  were  als<,  foumi  (Plate  xxxvm.  Fir.  f,).  The  finish«l 
points  (Plate  xxxvni.  Fig.  7;    Plate  xx)  complete  the  series 

Po,„t.  nMrd  out  of  Antlrr.     Points  for  arrows  made  froni  the  tips  of 
antler  were  comparatively   numerous.     Typical   specimens  of  these  are 
shown  in  Plate  xxi,  Fign.   1-5.     They  were  proLahly  for  use  on  arrows 
or  poss.l,ly  on  spears.     Arrows  with  similar  points  o.llected  in  the  eighteenth 
Hn.l  hrst  part  of  the  nineteenth  century.  s«pp„s«lly  from  the  Indians  of 
Nnitheastern  I  n.te<l  States,  have  In^n  descriln-d  l.v  Mr.  Charles  C    Wil 
l.."Khhy.'  who  states  that  they  were  u.se<l  from  Maine  t..  .\rkan.sas      Such 
points  were  found  in  the  Adena  Mound  ^  an.l  w..re  m.,re  ..mmon  than 
IMunts  ch.ppe.1  fr.,m  st.»ne  in  the  Gartner  village  site.'^     These  are  further 
discuss...    un.l..r  th.-  ...nsi.Ieration  of  fish  spears.     Points  somewhat  similar 
to  these  hut  ma.  e  ..f  phalanx  hones  .>f  the  .leer  are  cmmon  in  tlu-  Gartner 
Milage  site.^     The  spatulate  objects  shown  in  Plate   i.i,  Fig    10    an.J  th.- 
I>..mts  appan-ntly  broken  from  similar  objects  shown  in  Plate  xx'i.  Figs   T, 

(>,  were  possil)ly  use.l  as  spear  points.  

yinuufacfurr  of  Point.  rulM  out  of  .\„thr.  The  manufacture  ..f  p.>ints 
mbbcl  out  ot  antler  is  al.so  suggested  by  .specimens  foun.l  '  (Plate  xxxvii, 
I-.KS.  S-21).  Prongs  (Plate  xxxviii.  Fig.  8),  broken  fr.>m  antlers  wer,' 
.|u.te  common.  Some  .>f  the  prongs  broken  off  ha.l  iH...n  .ut  aroun.l  or 
part  way  «roun.l  (Plate  xxxvni.  Figs.  10,  11)  apparently  with  a  flake 
of  stone  (Plate  xxxvni.  Fig.  9),  i„  order  that  the  tip  out  .»f  which  to 
inak.-  an  arrow  point  might  be  rea.lily  broken  off.     Pieces,  fr.nn  each  of 


'  Wlllou!?hl).v.  pp.  4:u 
2  Mills.  f«).  p.  27. 
"Mills,   (b).  p.  41. 
'  Mills.   (Id.  p.  41. 
^(T  WlllouKhby. 


-4:i7;  cr.  Skinner,  pp.  14,  21. 


im 


AnthmiMiltiviml  I'iiimtk  Amirinin  .Mii-mni  of  Siiliiml  IliMory.     \\»\.  W, 


I 


which  a  tip  hu«l  l»een  removt-d  by  KKMiving  himI  hn>ukinK.  wert'  numt-nw.s. 
They  wew  irrepilarly  hr«)krn  i)ff  fn»ni  the  untltT  at  thi'ir  larjjt'  end  and  show 
nijcns  of  the  RWiove  amund  th«'ir  smaller  end  where  the  tip  ha«l  l»een  hniken 
off  after  lieinK  tut  an>und.  Such  piw-es  (lower  part  i)f  Fig.  1-,  Plate 
xxxvill)  were  naturally  more  numerous  than  the  tips  lm>ken  from  them; 
but  tips  (upper  part  of  Fi((.  12.  Plate  xxxviii)  were  also  foun«l  and  showtnl 
at  their  Imses  where  they  ha<l  l»e«'n  cut  around  and  bmken  off.  Sohm-  were 
found  not  yet  sharpene«l,  but  «lrille«l  at  the  base  (Plate  xxxviii.  Ki»t.  17) 
for  the  shaft  of  an  urn»w  or  spear,  apparently  with  a  chippf^l  «lrill  p«»int 
such  as  is  shown  in  Plate  xxxviii,  FiK-  U>.  More  of  them,  however, 
had  l>een  whitth-*!  with  a  stone  flake  (Plate  xxxviii.  Fig.  «>  an«l  sharpened 
or  smootheil  (Plate  xxxviii,  Fij?.  l.'>)  appan-ntly  upon  u  c-oarse  piwr  of 
sttmlst«me  (Plate  xxxviii,  Fijf.  14).  Still  others  (Plate  xxxviii,  FiKs. 
17,  18),  the  greater  numlier  of  the  tips  foumi,  ha«l  l)een  i-ompletwl  by  Initli 
sharpening  and  drilling.  Sometimes  the  pn>nK  was  sharpene<l  l>efore  In-injc 
Kr«)ove«l  for  brtakinn-  The  finished  point  at  one  si«le  was  somewhat  longer 
than  at  the  other  ami  this  side  of  the  base  Wing  slightly  pointwl  serve«l 
as  u  barb  (Plate  xxxviii.  Fig.  IH;  Plate  xxi.  Figs.  l-.J).  At  the  Ga-tner 
village  site  every  stage  of  manufacture  was  represent«>d.  even  caches  of 
the  antler  tips  wer,-  found.  Then-,  thwe  were  (lrille<l  after  breaking  frc»m 
the  gnM)ved  pn)ng  and  before  any  other  work  was  d«)ne  on  them.  The 
surplus  antler  was  removed  by  cutting  with  a  piwe  of  stone.'  Mills  ntttt-s 
ccmcave  facets  and  striations  as  Wing  pn¥)f  that  the  cutting  was  not  done 
with  a  ste<'l  knife.  The  final  work  on  the  points  found  at  the  Gartner 
village  site  was  done  by  rubbing  them  on  a  fine-grained  samlstone. 

SnarvH,  BoInK,  Citlh,  and  Charmn.  Some  of  the  Ikhic  tul)es  (Plate  xxi. 
Figs.  S  10),  especiiilly  those  with  edges  worn  sm<K»th,  may  have  U-en  parts 
«)f  snares  and  some  »»f  the  cut  and  perforate*!  phalanx  lK»nes  (Plate  xi.lii, 
Figs.  4-7)  mentioned,  may  possibly  but  not  probably  have  l)een  for  little 
lK)las.  The  hollow  light  binl  iMmes  and  the  few  small  mammal  bones  cut 
off  at  the  ends  and  drille«i  (Plates  i.i.  Figs.  13-14)  may  have  been  uswl  as 
animal  calls  in  hunting.  It  is  possible  that  some  of  the  perforated  discs 
made  of  sandstone  (Plate  xi-iv.  and  Plate  i.,  Fig.  2).  pottery  (Plate  xuii. 
Fig.  U).  and  shell  (Plate  i.,  Figs.  S,  9).  the  ix'rforatcd  shells  (Plate  xi.viii, 
Figs.  12-24,  and  Plate  xlix.  Figs.  19  :«).  some  of  the  objects  considered  as 
|jen<lants  (Plate  xi.ix,  Figs.  19-35),  the  perforated  and  knobbed  teeth  (Plat*- 
xlix.  Figs.  10-11,  and  15-lS),  and  the  drilled  phalanx  bones  (Plate  xuii. 
Figs.  4-7)  of  the  elk  and  iU-er  may  hav«'  In-en  fastened  to  wea{)ons  as 
charms. 


I  Mills.   (111.  p     11;     (CI.  I).  ."JI. 


IWIO.I 


Smilk,  Prrkirtnrir  Krnturky. 


1S7 


^Jn\»r  ^I'^TT  ""•;'-  "'  ""•'-'  ''^  ''••^•"'•"'  "^  """*  points, 
.pears  P„,„,.  „,«.|..  ,.p  „f  ,hr«.  pi,..^  of  Ik„„.  ..f  a  for,,.  .suKK-stinK  the.,. 
HU  er  t,p.s  werj.  ..xten.s.vel,  «..,!  on  .sal,.,o„  spears  on  the  S.nLJcZ 
of  A  nmea.  where,  however,  the.v  we„.  .|et«eh«l  hv  the  stn^uuh-s  of  The 
hsh  hut  were  hel.n,  lashinKs  to  a  r..tainin.  „..,  ..taeh^l  to 't  U'  . 
shaf  .•     I)o,.hle  pomte,!  ohjWts  n.a.le  of  the  heavy  H  Lm..  of  an  eror 

/V.A  //,.,/..  Kish  h.H,ks  (Hate  XX..  KiKs.  Ill:})  „,a,|e  of  Ik,„.  wer. 
us,.!.  S.„,,  of  the  h,H,ks  (Phite  xxx.x,  KiK.  S)  have  a  litth-  knob  „t 
the  t.p  an.l   others   ,I>h.te  XXX.X.   Fi^.  9)   have  incisions  aroun.l    the,!' 

to  the  hsh  hne.  iMsh  h,K,ks  ,na.h.  of  |>o„e  wer,-  foun.l  in  the  (Jartner 
M..nn.  ;  and  less  than  twelve  whole  and  n.ore  than  twentv  l,„,ken.  .some 
«nH.v«  for  the  atta.h,nent  of  a  line,  in  the  a.ijaee,.,  site.  Thev  c.  ,nZ 
^.vorahl.v  w.th  thosefo.jn.l  at  the  Han.n  village  site  •  One-netluniof  n,aT- 
«.t.m.  of  such  h.sh  hooks  was  .l.-scrilKHl  ,nany  years  ap.  hy  Prof.  Frederiek 
U  In  nan,  ...I-.s  paper  entitU.I.  "Th.-  Way  Rone  Fishh.n.ks  were  made 
m  the  L.ttle  M.an.i  Xalley."  >    The  n.eth.Hls  of  n.annfaeture  of  the.se  hrk' 

|pr:;:;;~i'";r'"'"' """  "^"  -""^'^ ''-'-'"' ""--  ^^^^  ^-^ 

S-veral  sfK-ci-nens  of  what  app^-ar  to  Ik-  the  hun.erii  of  tnrkevs  were 
.    n,l  (Plate  xxx.x.  Ki,..  I ,  ont  of  one  side  of  each  of  which  a  soinewha, 
nctan^nlar  ol.lon^r  p,,.,.,.  |„„|  |^^„  ,.„j  ,p,^^j^.  ^^^^^    ^,.^^    .^   ^^      ^ 

ot  such  thin  iH.„e  of  the  size  an.l  sha.H-  of  the  alH.ve-n.entiond  p.Wes  were 
occas,onally  found  (Plate  xxx.x.  Fi«.  :.,;   .so„„.n„.es  these  were  drilled  a 

.7,r  'i  T  '"'•;:'-^^'^V '»"'•/ '  '"  -'*•■•  '<>  facilitate  cnttin,  ont  the  mid.lle 
p..r  .on  and  mak.nK  each  en.l  the  shape  of  a  hook.  Son.e  of  the  fish  h<K,ks 
.y  hav.n«  tl...  general  curve  and  timkness  of  such  a  iH.ne.  show  that  thev 
have  been  <.,,t  out  of  su.-h.  an.!  others  not  completely  finishc^d,  .show  the 
rc.„a.ns  of  the  perforations  (l>late  xxx.x.  Fi^.  N).  The  second  n.ethod  is 
ustra  ..d  i.y  st.ll  other  fish  hooks  which  show  that  they  wee  n.ade  fron. 
the  outer  surface  of  a  hollow  cylindrical  Inme  (Plate  xxx.x.  Figs  5-0) 
apparc-ntly  hy  sHc-inu  rather  than  I.y  drilling.  On.-  pic-c-e  of  In^ne  or'  antler 
fPlate  xxx.x.  F,K.  10)  is  rounded  at  the-  .,ul,  has  a  scrapcn!  ^rcmve  with  a 


-'  Mills.   (I) I.  p.  4s. 

'  Mills.  (t)i.  pp.  .s, .-.«»:    ici.  p.  70. 

•  ^Fills.  (hi.  p.  ri2. 

'  Putnam,  (a),  p.  .^si. 


188 


AHlhrit/KtUtifiiiil  I'tifirrn  Amtrirttti  MuM-um  of  .S'nhiml  llinlinii.     \\\A.  \'I, 


<lrill««l  bilk*  in  thi'  iiiHliilf  ni>ar  thut  ftitl.  It  i.s  ptitwilily  in  priNtit!!  '  nianii- 
fwtun'  into  a  Hnh  hfMtk.  PiewH  of  Ume  in  every  staiie  of  nianiifaotiire  into 
fish  hoolct  wer«  fiMinil  in  the  c-ren:atio  ■  whes  of  the  Gartner  nuHimi  and  the 
villaite  .site.'  Tlie  f)nHt>Hs  *  although  s«)n)ewhat  similar  was  fliflfen>nt  from 
the  two  u.se<l  here  on  the  Fox  Farm.  Then'  the  central  jwrt  of  an  ohlon^ 
piwe  of  lM>ne  was  diiK  out  instead  of  la-inK  remov«>d  hy  drillinK  or  l».v  slieipK 
off  part  of  a  cylindrical  l»one. 

Sonie  of  the  Ume  ohjects  considercti  as  awls  (Plate  xx.xiv,  Figs.  !>-ll  i, 
amonK  them  especially  the  sharpene<l  splints  (Plate  xxi,  Fijf.  14)  fn>m 
deer  leg  Iwnes  may  have  lieen  useil  as  hiM>ks  or  Imrlw  for  h»»oks  f.,r  hshinK, 
and  «>hje<'ts  cimsidered  as  pendants  such  as  the  perforate*!  i  -ur  teeth  (Plate 
xux,  FiKM.  I.VIS),  shiny  shells  (Plate  xi.viii,  Fij{.  IK),  and  the  shell 
ohject  shown  in  Plate  i„  V\.  i\,  may  have  serve«l  for  artificial  fi.sii  liait, 
possibly  on  trolling  lines. 

Srh.  Fish  were  probalily  caught  in  nets  as  is  suKKested  by  the  impres- 
sion of  netting  on  frapnents  of  pottery  (Piute  xxi,  FIk.  l-i).  ulthoufch  the 
mesh  of  the  netting  here  impressed  is  very  .small.  ThefrHjtnient  of  a  iMm*- 
«)bject  (Plate  i,m,  Fig.  4)  (.insMereil  as  possib'y  ii  scra|)er  may  have  l>een 
u  mesh  measure.  Pebbles  iiot'-he«l  ■  Kro«>ve4i  on  two  jnlffes  and  without 
battere«l  ends  and  j-onsider*-*!  by  Mills  to  In-  net  sinkers  wen'  foumi  at  the 
(lartner  villat;e  site.' 

Gnthrriiig  Ph:»*  F(mmL  Celts,  |)ecke<l  and  K^xind  out  (»f  stone  (Plate 
XXXI,  V'vfii.  l-o,,  .^.lose  chippe<l  out  <»f  jasper  (Plate  xxxi,  FiR.  9),  and 
those  ma<le  of  antler  (Plate  xxxi,  Fijj.  10),  and  the  discs  (Plate  xxii. 
Fit?.  2)  and  ol»lonj{s  (Plate  xxii.  I'ijc.  4^  chipped  out  of  limestone,  or  some 
of  each  class  may  ha\e  s«'r\ed  (M-cusionally  c)r  solely  as  hix-s  for  agricul- 
tural work  or  with  the  sharp  Inme  objtrts  (Plate  xxxiii,  Fijr.  7),  in  the 
securinjf  of  bark,  or  <»ther  plant  f^nxls  or  .some  of  them.  Pieci's  of  slate 
with  notches  «»r  Krooves  on  the  .si«les  were  fre<|uently  found  in  the  (lartner 
village  site  ^  anil  are  considered  by  Mills  to  Im'  agricultural  implements. 
Hoes,  each  made  of  a  thick  heavy  mussel  shell  (I'nio  fJiraiux)  with  a  per- 
foration are  common  in  the  Gartner  and  Buuin  village  sites,''  and  were 
found  by  hitn  in  the  Adena  Mound "  but  the  few  sp«-(imens  found  by  us 
(Plate  XXII,  Fig.  .">)  are  somewhat  different  from  such  comuKm  shell  hoes 
as  I  have  .setsn  in  Ohio  and  apparently  were  not  u.se<l  as  hm's. 


'  Mills,  til),  pp.  s.  .'>l». 

'Mills,  (b),  KlK.  X\. 

'  .Mills,  (hi.  p.  40. 

<  .Mills.  ll>i.  p.  411. 

'  Mills,  (hi.  p.  40:    (c),  p.  ntt. 

'  Mills,  lai.  p.   IJ. 


IIHO.I 


Smtlh,  I'rrhmlnrir  Krnlnrku. 


180 


I'kkpakation  or  Kiioo, 

Kmr,„.  Siiitahly  iii.>iint(-<l  cliipp,Nl  Htoii,-  points  (Plate  xxii,  Kiif  1) 
ma.v  h«v,.  iKH-n  u.s.,1  „.s  kniv.^  f»r  ...ttinK  up  n«.at  uml  for  similar  purx^es 
!)«.■.  .lupM  fron,  linu^ton..  (Plato  xxn.  Hk.  2),  of  which  manv  wen- 
f.MUM  .  a  few  ohlonKs  also  ,hip,HMl  fro,„  li,„,H„on..  (P|„,..  xxii.  Fi^.  4)  an.l 
FM.|,l,l,.s  with  chipiMHl  «Ik,^.  if  not  aKrioultiiral  impl..ni..nts  or  .skin  M-rapt-rs 
w.r..p,.rhapH  U.S..I  in  like  manner.  One  rather  thick  specimen  scm.ewh«t 
.hippecl  on  the  thin  ..Ue  (Plate  xx„.  KiK.  3).  .suKK.'.ts  a  chopping  knife, 
ami  „,a.v  have  Inn-n  nsc.l  „s  s„eh.  It  n-mimls  on.-  of  the  fish  knives  made 
of  slate  which  are  ..sc.l  l.y  the  Imlians  of  the  Northwc-st  C.mst  ami  l,v  the 
hskiino.  1  he  unio.  or  fn-sh  water  elain,  of  which  a  numlHr  of  shells'wer.. 
fouml  havuiK  one  eclKc  .sharpenc-cl  (Plate  xxii.  Ki^.  0)  mav  have  InH'n  used 
Hs  kniv.^.  What  Mills  eonsiders  to  Ik-  knivc-s  made  of  the  shoulder  hladc- 
<»f  th..  d..-r  and  c-lk  or  of  the  pc^tc-rior  portion  of  the  metapcKlial  iKmc-  of 
the  deer  were  found  in  the  (iartner  site.' 

/V-^A/r  m,l  Mortar..  \o  pc«stles  or  mortars  wert-  .sec-n  hv  us.  althouKh 
It  f  kmm-n  that  they  wc-re  fr,M,uently  found  in  the  rcKion.  pestles  l^-inu 
<1.n.in«n  in  every  part  of  th.-  (Jartner  villaKe  site  an.l  mortars  mad,,  of  lorir,- 
slabs  of  sandstone  lieiuR  found  there.- 

Cmtking.  Meat  was  p„,hal,|y  roastc-d  i.efore  ojH-n  fires.  (  harc-oal 
(Hate  xxiii.  h\.  1)  and  ashes  were  frecjuently  found.  There  must  nave 
•H-en  an.thcT  methcKl  of  p.e|mrinK  meat  as  is  indicat.-d  l.y  the  ^rc-at  numlnr 
of  ,x>tshc.r.!s  (Plates  xxiv-xxx  and  Plates  lev  ux)  f,.,nd.  most  of  which 
.seem  to  parts  of  l.roken  c<K)kinK  <lishc>s  rather  than  of  eeremonial  or 
water  jars.  Many  of  these  fragments  of  p<,ttery  have  .s<H»t  (Plate  xx.n. 
tiR.  -  on  the  outer  surface  which  su^Kcsts  that  .-.K.kinK  was  done  in  potterv 
v,.ssels  over  open  fires.  The  little  clay  dishes  shown  in  Plate  ii.  Fig  A 
arc  possibly  toy  ccK.king  pots  u.s,.,l  by  the  chiMren.  Fragments  of  potterv 
vessels  the  size  of  a  thiml)lc  were  found  in  the  (lartner  village  site  ^  .Some 
.tones  c-overed  with  soot,  others  cracked  and  appearing  like  ston,-s  that  have 
iH-en  hcate.1  and  dropped  in  water,  were  found  in  excavating  These 
remind  us  that  iK.iling  may  have  l>een  done  in  pottery  vessels  or  even  in 
Imskets  or  Imxes  by  adding  hot  stones.  Howevc-r,  thev  are  probablv  the 
stones  used  as  j^t  props  or  the  results  of  baking  roots  or  vegetables  cov- 
ered with  leaves  by  building  a  fire  on  top  of  them.  This  process,  of  course 
burns  the  pebbles  nearby. 


■  Mills.,  (b).  p.  49. 
'Milk,  ib),  p.  34. 
'Mills.  (b).p.  3.5. 


190 


Anthroitological  Papem  Anierican  Museum  of  Xalural  HMory.    (Vol.  VI, 


Potirn/.  One  whole  bowl  of  pottery  and  many  fragments  Were  found. 
Most  of  the  ware  was  of  u  brownish  color  but  a  few  pieces  were  coated  with 
a  reddish  layer  which  is  thicker  on  the  outside.  A  verv  few  pieces  were 
polished.  Pottery  was  found  by  Mills  in  tlie  Adena  Mound  '  and  was 
common  in  the  Gartner  site.-  A  pottery  jar  was  found  in  the  Gartner 
Mound.' 

Manufarftirc  of  PotUry.    Tlie  manufacture  of  pottery  is  .somewhat  illus- 
trated  by    the   specimens   shown    in   Plates   .\xiv-xxx.      The  dav  was 
probably  obtained  in  the  neighlwrhood.    For  tempering  material,  fragments 
«)f  shell  were  used.     The  piece  of  pottery  shown  in  Plate  xxiv,  Fig.  1,  has 
been  split  and  exhil)its  the  fragments  of  shell  u.sed  in  tempering  it.     The 
particles  of  stone  found  in  the  pottery-  were  apparently  accidentally  taken 
up  with  the  clay  and  not  addinl  as  tempering  material.     The  little  ball  of 
burned  clay  or  lottery  showing  finger  nail  impressions,  illustrated  in  Plate 
'.V,  Fig.  2,  may  be  a  bit  of  the  raw  material  for  pottery-making  which  was 
accidentally  or  purposely  fired.     Pottery  found  in  the  Gartner  village  site  ' 
was  tempereil  with  crushed  shells,  quartz,  quartzite,  and  pebbles,     (lay 
mi.xed  with  broken  quartz  pel)bles  and  broken  shell  ready  to  be  made  into 
pottery  was  sometimes  found  in  a  niche  in  a  gra\e  near  the  head  of  the 
skeleton  in  the  Gartner  Mound  *  where  in  sexeral  instances  a  large  mu.ssel 
shell  and  sometimes  an  awl,  in  others,  small  river  pebbles  varving  in  diam- 
eter from  two  to  three  inches,  were  found  with  the  clay.     The  ne.xt  specimen 
shows  how  some  of  the  uare  was  cracked  in  firing.  l,ut  most  of  it.  as  max- 
Ih-  seen  (Plate  xxiv.  Fig.  2)  by  a  reference  to  the  other  specimens,  was  more 
successfully  firinl.     Fragments  of  charcoal  (Plate  xxiii.  Fig.   1)  were  fre- 
(luently  found.     Some  of  these  may  be  the  results  of  fires  .ised  in  firing  the 
pottery.     Burned  patches  of  ground  were  also  discovered  which  mav  ha\e 
l)een  the  sites  of  this  process.     That  the  pottery  was  fired  in  moreor  less 
open  fires  is  suggested  l)y  the  mottled  „r  irregularly  burned  surface  of  the 
ware.     The  C|uality  of  the  ware  varied  somewhat  from  that  of  a  rather  fine 
surface  to  some  of  rough  finisii  (Plate  xxiv.  Fig.  3). 

Many  of  the  fragments  found  are  portions  of  rims.  The  sjjecimen  shown 
Ml  Plate  XXIV,  Fig.  4,  illustrates  such  a  rim  with  a  punched  perforation 
prol)ably  nuide  to  facilitate  suspending  the  pot.  The  perforation  in  the 
ne.xt  .specunen,  also  a  fragment  of  a  rim.  was  drilled  while  the  perforation 
through  whicii  the  folowing  fragment  was  broken  is  larger  ami  was  appar- 
ently modeled. 


'.Mills,  (a I.  p.  11. 
». Mills,  (b).  p.  ;j4. 
'Mills,  (b),  p.  10. 
'  Mills,  (h),  p.  3.V 
'Mills,  (h).  p.  10. 


1910.1 


Smilh,  Pnhixlorir  Kinliicki/. 


v.n 


Traces  of  tlie  iiu'thml  of  shaping  pottery  are  shown  in  the  specimens 
illustratefl  in  Plate  xxv.  The  first  liears  impressions  of  fine  netting  which 
was  perhaps  wound  on  a  pa<J«Ileuse(l  in  patting  the  outer  surface  of  the  vessel. 
This  may  have  IjetMi  done  to  shape  the  pot  or  to  roughen  the  outer  surface. 
The  next  shows  the  impression  of  a  somewhat  coarser  netting  and  the  size 
of  the  mesh  and  knots  may  In-  clearly  seen.  There  stn-ms  to  Ik-  no  lapping 
of  impressions  on  this  fragment  which  suggests  that  perhaps  they  were  ma«le 
l)y  the  net  used  in  lifting  or  holding  together  the  unfired  \esst-l,  instead  of 
by  a  paddle  wound  with  the  netting.  Fig. :}  of  this  plate  shows  the  impres- 
sions of  twisted  cord  where  they  lap  and  run  at  different  angles  showing 
that  they  were  made  by  a  cord-wrappe<l  paddle.  Accorrling  to  Mills, 
<ord-wrappefl  paddles  wen-  used  at  the  Gartner  village  site.'  In  Fig.  4 
of  the  same  plate,  the  impres.sions  of  cord  have  l)een  partly  smoothed  down 
l>efore  the  \es,sel  was  fircfl.  The  ne.xt  fragment  shows  lines,  apparently 
modeled  on  the  clay  to  represent  cord  markings;  while  Fig.  0  of  this  plate 
shows  the  impressions  of  a  carve<l  paddle,  probably  ma<le  of  wo«)d. 

The  methcxl  of  attaching  the  loop  handles  to  the  pots  is  illustrated  by 
some  ..f  the  specimens  foun«l.     Apparently  the  handle  was  modeled  sepa- 
rately from  the  pot  and  had  a  knob  or  projection  on  the  upper  end  to  be 
insertefl  in  a  depression  made  in  the  vessel  near  or  at  the  rim.    The  handle 
was  then  attached  by  smearing  or  modeling  the  clay  of  lK)tli  .-nds  to  the 
vessel.     At  the  Gartner  site  practically  all  the  larger  vessels  had  hamllcs. 
modeled  and  put  in  place  after  the  vessels  were  forme<l.-     Mills  states  tluit 
these  were  attached  by  piercing  the  vessel  an<i  inserting  a  small  plug  of 
clay  which  was  expanded  on  the  inside.     On  the  outside,  the  liamlle  wi-s 
molded  to  this  plug.     The  fragment  of  a  pot  rim  shown  in  the  next  figure 
shows  how  the  upper  i-flge  of  the  vessel  was  .sometimes  f  .ided  over  to  form 
xhv  rim.     This  specimen  also  bears  a  small  knob  or  lug.     The  next  figure 
illustrates  a  small  piece  of  rim  bearing  a  little  lug,  the  middle  of  which  is 
concave.     Such  lugs  were  not  frequently  found.     The  next  sjjecimen  bears 
a  lug  !nade  up  of  two  horizontal  ridges. 

Handles  of  various  forms  are  shown  in  the  remainder  of  the  plates 
(Plates  x.wi  x.xx).  .Ml  thes.-  handles  may  be  considered  to  be  develop- 
ments of  two  knobs  or  mpples  as  shown  in  the  first  figure.  About  a  third 
of  them  apiK-ar  to  have  Ikhmi  develojK-d  by  the  imion  of  the  lower  parts  <if 
these  knobs  as  in  the  second  figure.  .\  sjx'cialization  or  more  int.'nse 
development  of  this  type  of  handle  is  shown  on  the  other  fragments  of  rims 
on  this  plate,  anrl  attempts  at  decoration  may  be  noticed  in  Figs,  o,  S  of 


'  Millx.  (!•(.  p.  :«.5. 
'  Mills.  (I)),  p.  M. 


192 


Anthroix^loffu-al  Pa/ierx  Ameriatn  Mitneum  of  Xalurul  HUlory.     [Vol.  VI, 


the  same  plate  where  the  notches  nmde  with  the  tip  of  the  finder  and  show- 
ing the  imprint  of  the  finger  nail  also  have  been  made  on  the  top  of  the  ridge 
In  lifting  a  vessel  provided  with  such  lugs  as  these  it  would  seem  that  the 
thumb  would  be  placed  al)ove  the  lug  and  the  fingers  would  lift  on  its  lower 
side. 

Perhaps  another  third  of  the  handles  were  develope.1  from  a  union  of 
the  upper  part  of  two  knobs  or  projections  on  the  rims  of  the  pots  as  illus- 
tratetl  m  Plate  xxvii.  The  first  specimen  shows  two  knobs  somewhat 
elongated  ^ertically.  In  the  sec-ond,  the  rim  is  slightly  enlarged  and  tends 
to  connect  the  upper  parts  of  the  knobs,  while  in  the  third  and  fourth  there 
is  a  perceptible  ri.lge  in  line  with  the  rim  an.l  connecting  the  two  parts  of 
tlieJug.  The  remaining  specimens  shown  in  this  plate  illustrate  the  range 
ot  forms  an.l  specialization  of  handles  of  this  type-.     This  form  of  handle 

"Ti  *"ir ■  "'  *'*''  ^''"■*"'''"  '"'"♦^*'  ''^''■'  ^"  "^*'"^'  ^ '"'^•"^'-'^  '•*'»"ng  this  Urn- 
of  handle  it  would  seem  that  the  forefinger  might  : ,  st  in  the  concavitv  Ih-Iow 
the  bridge  over  the  top  of  the  lugs  or  that  the  fingers  might  fin.l  gripping 
places  ix-low  the  entire  lug.  The  form  of  the  last  specimen  nun  possiblv  l^e 
interpreted  as  a  crude  representation  of  an  animal. 

A  variety  of  handles  is  shown  in  Plate  xxvnr.     The  first  and  secmd  mav 
Ik-  coiLsidered  to  be  an  extreme  development  of  the  type  of  han.lle  shown 
in  P  ate  xxvi.  where  the  l.)wer  part  of  the  lug  is  hardly  l>eiow  a  level  with 
the  lower  part  of  the  rim.     If  this  type  of  lug  is  still  further  .leveloped 
It   becines  a  horizontal  ear  like  that  .»n  the  fragment  of  rim  shown  in 
1  late  xxviii.  Pig.  -.1     In  this  case,  the  lug  is  slightly  below  the  top  of  the 
rim  while  in  the  next  figure  it  is  level  with  the  rim  and  seems  to  Ik-  dec-orated 
with  a  httlc  knob  on  the  top.     Specialized  lugs  of  this  tvpe  are  shown  in 
the  reaming  figures  on  this  plate.     One  represented  bv  Fig.  :,  has  an  inci- 
sion down  Its  mi<ldle.  while  the  one  shown  in  Fig.  V,  has  a  verti<-al  incision 
near  each  end.     Fig.  7  .shows  such  a  lug  with  several  incisions.     If  we  con- 
sider that  siK-h  a  lug.  as  f„r  instance  the  one  shown  in  Fig.  S,  is  still  further 
«leveloped  by  being  .-k.ngated  and  atta(-he<l  to  the  xessel  Icwer  <lown    we 
have  as  a  result  the  type  of  l„op  lug  or  han.lle  shown  in  Plates  xxix  'an.l 

More  than  a  tl.ir.l  of  all  the  j^.ttery  handl,-s  foun.l  an-  of  this  l.,op  form 
1  he  metluul  ..f  attaching  this  type  .)f  lug  has  been  .liscus.sed  .)n  p.  1 91  The^• 
vary  in  s.z.-  an.l  .somewhat  in  shape  as  shown  in  the  plates.  The  first  is 
nearly  a  straight  ban.l  an.l  meets  the  rim  .,f  the  bo.ly  of  the  jar  with  a  rather 
acute  angle  while  in  the  se,-.,n.l  th.-  lug  is  more  .-ylin.lrical  in  f.,rm  and  i. 
r.)un.le.l  .uit  s.>  that  it  f..rins  almost  a  .s..mi-c-ir.le.  to  whi.-h  tlu-  IkkIv  .,f  tlu- 


'Cr.  MIIIk,  (hi,  KIk.  'M»a. 


lOlO.J 


Smilh,  I'rrhixlorir  Krnlucky. 


103 


jar  would  Ik-  a  diameter.  Fig.  3  of  the  same  plate  shows  a  lug  which  is 
much  wider  at  the  top  than  at  the  Iwttom  and  the  rim  is  markwl  by  trans- 
\erse  incisefl  lines  or  notches.  While  the  rim  al)ove  the  lug  in  the  last 
figure  in  this  plate  may  be  considered  as  developed  fnim  such  notches  it 
shows  large  even  sm<M)th  scallops.  The  lugs  shown  in  Plat*'  xxx  show 
wmsiderable  specialization.  The  first  l)ears  a  series  of  dots,  apparently 
for  decorative  purjxjses.  The  second,  has  an  unusually  protruding  rim  at 
each  side  of  the  top  of  the  lug.  The  fifth  shows  a  lug  of  this  character, 
but  one  having  practically  no  opening  between  it  and  the  body  of  the  jar. 
The  si.xth  Iwars  rows  of  impressions  apparently  for  decorative  purposes, 
while  the  seventh  not  only  has  two  nipples  on  the  rim,  one  on  each  end  of 
the  top  of  the  lug,  but  is  also  flepressed  longitu«linally  down  its  middle  in 
such  a  way  that  it  slightly  resembles  the  lug  shown  in  Plate  xxvii,  Fig.  8. 

Before  the  pottery  was  fired  the  rims  and  handles  were  often  ornamented 
an«l  designs  were  incise*!  upon  the  pottery  apparently  for  decorative  pur- 
poses. These  incisions  were  possibly  made  with  some  of  the  \miw  imple- 
ments such  as  those  described  on  p.  201  and  shown  in  Plate  xxxiv.  Figs. 
:i-l.").  anfl  Plate  xxxv.  One  piece  of  pottery  was  painted  (Plate  uv.  Fig. 
11).  The  modeling,  incising,  and  painting  of  pottery  are  mentioned  under 
the  stK.'tion  of  art. 

Strahurx.  Fragments  i>f  strainers  made  of  pottery  were  found.  In  some 
of  these  (Plate  xxiii,  Fi,<.  3)  the  perforations  ha\e  been  made  by  punching 
from  the  inside  before  the  vessel  was  fired;  in  other cas«'s  (Plate  yxiii.  Fig. 
4)  the  holes  have  been  drille«l  from  without  after  sun  drying  or  firing.  It 
will  be  remembered  that  both  punched  an«l  drilled  perforated  pottery 
strii'ii  rs  are  found  in  the  clifF-<lwellings  of  the  Southwest  and  that  the 
hole.-,  are  sometimes  arrange*!  in  *l*'signs  su*li  as  circles  and  cros.ses. 

S/Mxms.  Sp*)ons  are  sugg*'ste*!  by  the  number  *)f  fresh  water  *-lani  shells 
found  to  be  somewhat  rubbed  acr*)ss  the  e*!ge  opposite  th«'  hinge  apparently 
l)y  scraping  ar'inst  tli*-  Inittom  and  sides  of  rough  p*>»tery  *lishes.  I  have 
seen  modern  Imlians  at  Victoria.  Mritish  ('olumi)ia,  using  <lam  shells  in 
this  way.  The  pottery  *)bject  shown  in  Plate  i.i.  Fig.  4.  may  be  a  spoon 
or  la*!le. 

FnrliS.  .Some  of  the  objects  c*)nsid*'n'*l  as  awls  (Plate  xxxiv.  Figs.  .3-7, 
an*!  Plate  xxxv)  may  have  serve*!  as  forks.  Mills  also  considers  that 
the  awls  nui*le  of  the  tarsometatarsus  of  tin-  wil*!  turkey  as  well  as  the 
"effigy"  awl  carved  to  represent  tlie  bea*!  of  a  fox  or  some  closely  allie*! 
animal,  and  large  awls  ma*le  of  l>one  foun<!  in  the  Gartner  village  sit*'  ser\  cfl 
ft)r  forks  as  well  as  awls.' 


>  Mills,  (b).  p.  47 


1»4         A„lhro,M,loffical  P„,^r,  American  M„>^um  of  \„tuml  HiMory.      [V..1.  \  I, 

S«rco/««A  Charred  masses  of  a  mixture  of  com  and  beans  were  often 
found  and  th.8  suggests  that  these  two  foods  may  have  \^n  prepare*!  as 
succotash  (Plate  xix,  Figs.  (i.  8). 


Habitations. 

No  remains  of  habitations  were  discovered.  The  sexeral  oblong  or 
rectanguar  depressions  nuntioned  on  p.  177  were  natural  sink  I.oles  the 
resu  ts  of  the  caving  of  the  earth  above  caverns  formed  by  the  solution  of 
the  limestone  below.  The  village  refuse  in  and  near  them  was  much  less 
plentihil  than  in  other  places.  It  seems  altogether  likely  that  the  habita- 
tions used  by  these  people  were  such  as  to  leave  no  very  marked  depressions 
or  signs  other  than  the  great  abundance  of  village  refu.se  in  certain  places 
as  compared  with  the  usual  amount  which  was  found  scattered  alx^ut  the 
surface  of  the  farm.  It  is  true  tl  ^  in  several  places  this  refuse  was  col- 
ected  to  form  the  mounds  which  i  did  not  consider  the  remains  of  habita- 
tions, but  rather  simple  co\  erings  to  a  number  of  gra^  es. 

Cnchrs.  Caches  of  implements  '  n.ughly  chippe.1  from  chalcedoin  an.l 
jasper  were  numerous  in  the  Gartner  village  site  and  caches  of  antler  tips  ^■ 
were  also  found  there.  It  seems  probably  accidental  that  we  found  no  such 
caches  here. 

Mat.  Mats  for  shelters  and  beds,  floor  mats,  an.l  f.KHl  mats  were  per- 
haps ma.le  by  weaving  or  sewing  together  cat  tail  stalks  or  tulies.  although 
no  long  needles  suitable  for  sewing  .such  material  were  foi.ml.  It  is  ouite 
fmssible.  however,  that  needles  were  made  of  wood  and  l.mg  since  .lisinte- 
gratcHl  or  that  some  of  the  awls  were  used  for  that  purp«.se,  the  threa.l  or 
tw..s^«  loord  su.  .  a.s  ,s  shown  by  the  impres.sions  on  th..  pottery.  In-ing 
pushed  through  by  the  fingers. 


TOOUS   ISKI)   uv   Mf.\. 

\  nu.Ml„.r  of  artifacts  c-onsidercl  to  be  tools  were  found.  Among  these 
celts  Immmerstones,  whetston.>s.  arrow-.shaft  smoothers  made  of  stone 
.hisel-like  bone  objects,  antler  pins,  and  cylinders,  lH.aver-t,M>th  knives, 
chippc.1  kn.ves,  flakes,  and  drill  points  are  considered  as  having  probabh 
been  used  bv  men.  ^  • 


'  Mills,  (hi,  p.  39. 
■•'  -Mills.  (I»,  |),  42. 


1910.1 


Smilh,  Prihintorir  Knihirk-j/. 


IPS 


Cfltn  nittdr  of  Stoii,'.     Stone  celts  were  iKxasionully  foiiiKl.     Tlie  forms 
of  these   are  shown  on  Plate   xxxi,  Fi^s.  1-9.     All  were  of   the  general 
types  common  to  the  Mi.ssi.ssippi  \alley.     The  celts  shown  in  Plate  xxxi, 
FiKs.  2,  and  o  7  are  Imiader  at  the  edge  than  at  the  poll.     The  side  edges 
and  poll  of  some  of  these  tend  to  he  more  or  less  flat.     The  surfaces  of  the 
sides  and  the  outline  of  the  ciittinK  edge  are  ct)nve.\.     Some  (Plate  xxxi. 
Figs.  I-.}.  7-8)  are  symmetrical,  that  is.  sharpened  alnait  e(iually  from  each 
side;    others  (Plat.-  xxxi.  Figs.  4  <>)  are   sharpemnl   from  one'  side   more 
than  from  tlu   other.     A  few  (Plate  xxxi,  Figs.  .V  (i)  seem  to  have  slight 
notches  in  tlu-  sid,'  edges.  ix)ssil)ly  made  to  facilitate  hafting  or  cau.sed  by 
hafting  them.     Most  of  the  celts  were  ma<le  of  tough  granular  stone,  were 
IK'cked  into  shape  and  then  polished.     A  few  were  chipped    (Plate  xxxi. 
Fig.  8)  before  being  p«>cked.     The  polishing  was  not  sufficient  in  .some  cases 
to  obscure  the  marks  of  pecking  (Plate  xxxi.  Figs.  2,  8).     Some   of  the 
celts,  however,  were  made  of  ja.sper  and  chipped  into  form.     One  of  these 
shown  in  Plate  xxxi.  Fig.  9,  is  double  e«lg»-d  or  double  l)itted  and  has  a  more 
or  less  straight  asymmetrical  cutting  edge.     Part  of  the  lower  cutting  edge 
has  been  forme«l  by  grimling  and  polishing  and  the  side  edges  are  mh\m\ 
smooth.     Tho.se  celts  formed   by  chipping  and  grinding  are  much  more 
scare-  than  those  formed  by  pt-cking  and  polishing,  not  onl\  on  this  farm, 
but  if  not  in  the  whole  Mi.ssissippi  \alley,  at  !v-ast  in  the  greater  part  of  it! 
One  of  the  double  bitted  ground  celts  made  of  yellowish  sand.stone  is  very 
small  an<l  may  be  a  whetstone  instead  of  a  celt.     .\n  ol)ject  descriln-d  on 
p.  197  as  having  been  used  as  a  hanunerstone  was  no  doubt  first  a  celt  made 
by  pecking  and  polishing.     It  appears  to  have  been  a  .symmetrical  celt. 
Celts  mad(-  of  stone  were  found  in  the  earth  of  the  (iartner  Mound  and  in 
t-very  part  of  the  Gartner  >illage  sit.-.     One  found  in  a  grave  was  fin.Iy 
|K)lish«-.l.     .Mthough  none  w.-re  gro.)ved.  many  w.-re  peck.-.l  for  tlu-  attach- 
ment ..f  a  handle."     A.cor.ling  to  Mills,  they  wen-  found  there  in  all  stages 
of  manufactur.'.     In  some  cas.-s  pecking  had  been  b.-gun  only  on  a  small 
surface  of  a  pebiile  of  suifal)le  form,  in  others  it  had  be.-n  complet.-d.     The 
same  was  true  of  the  sub.swiuent  grinding.     \o  gr.H)ved  ax.-s  «-.-re  f.>uiid 
l)y  us  cm  this  K.-ntncky  site  an.l  Mills  found  only  two  at  the  Baum  site.= 

Some  of  the  thin  oblong  piec.-s  of  limestone  chippt-d  on  the  edges  (Platt- 
XXII,  Fig.  4),  and  in  fact,  the  numer.)us  flat  discs  of  limestone,  roughly 
chipp«-d  to  a  cutting  edge  anmnd  their  entire  circumf.-rence  (Plate  xxii, 
Fig.  2)  may  linv.-  b.-.-n  us.-.l  as  celts,  but  th.-y  show  no  |K)lish<-fl  or  worn 
edges. 


I  Mills,  ihi.  |)i>   i:{.  .«».  (12. 
'  Mills,  (r) .  p.  42. 


HMM^ 


UH} 


AiithroiHtliiiiiml  hi/ier*  American  Mimeum  of  \atumt  History.    (Vol.  VI, 


Celts  made  of  Antler.  Celts  made  of  a  slab  of  antler  and  asymmetriral. 
I»eing  sharpened  rather  more  from  the  inner  si«le  than  from  the  natund 
surface  (Plate  xxxi,  Fij?.  10),  were  found.  They  are  broader  towards 
the  cutting  edge  than  at  the  poll. 

Munufaciun:  of  Celts  made  of  Antler.     The  history,-  of  the  manufactun- 
of  the.se  celts  is  suggestefl  by  a  numlK>r  of  specimens,  several  pieces  of  antler 
(Plate  XXXIX,  Fig.  12)  were  found  which   had   lieen  cut  along   the  sides 
in  such  a  way  as  to  form  a  \'-sliaped  gr<M)ve  which  was  apparently  made 
with  some  .such  object  as  a  stone  flake  (Plate  xxxix,  Fig.  in  or  a  chipped 
stcme  point  and  for  the  purpose  of  working  thn)ugh  the  stronger  outer  part 
of  the  antler  .so  that  a  slab  or  .section  might  Iw  bn)k«'n  out.     These  sections 
lying  between  such  gnnives  compare  approximately  in  size  to  the  celts  made 
of  antler  and  if  broken  out  carefully  would  furnish  material  for  their  manu- 
facture.    Thes«'  slabs  might  then  \w  rubln-*!   into  shape  and   sharpened 
to  an  «><lge  on  a  piece  of  sandstone  (Plate   xxxix.  Fig.   V.\).     This  work 
might  ol>scure  all  signs  of  the  grooving  (Plate  xxxix,  Fig.  14);    but  the 
celt  shown  in  Plate  xxxi.  Fig.  10,  has  grcMives  on  each  si«le  edge  apparently 
by  means  of  which  it  was  cut  out.     I^irge  celts  ma«le  of  elk  antler  were  found 
at  the  (Jartner  village  site.'     Mills  also  mentions  scrajHTs  in  a  way  indicat- 
ing this  cla.ss  of  objects.     He  states  that  few  ".scrapers"  made  from  the 
antler  of  the  elk  were  found  in  \arious  parts  of  the  site;  some  were  sharpened 
at  l)oth  ends  and  these  were  longer  than  those  sharpentnl  only  at  one  end 
which  latttT  were  probably  pro\  ided  with  a  handle.     A  few  «>f  these  have 
notches  cut  on  the  side  edges.'     Xo  notched  celts  were  found  b\-  us  on  the 
Fox  Farm.     Scrapers  made  from  the  liea\y  metapodial  of  the  elk  were  found 
in   the  (Jartner  village   site.-'     According  to   Mills,  the\    were   made  like 
the  scrapers  of  antler  and  w«Te  probably  hafte«l  in  wooden  handles  (p.  19S). 
Ilnftiiifi  and  I'sr.     These  various  celts  were  probably  hafted  and  used 
ill  carpenter  work  as  axes  and  adzes,  but  they  may  have  been  ii.sed  in  stn-ur- 
ing  f<K)d  l)y  hunting,  or  in  warfare  as  mentioned  on  p.  184,  or  even  as  agri- 
cultural implements.     Those  of  stone  pecked  and  polished,  mi^:     have  been 
hafted  by  winding  .i  withe  about  them  or  by  fitting  them  into  a  hole  in  the 
side  of  a  fairly  large  handle.     The  thin  celts  chipped  from  jasper,  and  celt- 
like pieces  of  limestone,  may  have  been  used  in  the  same  ways,  but  the 
latter  seem  better  adapted  for  use  as  skin  sci-apers  or  as  agricultural  imple- 
ments. 

nammirxtonrs.     There  are   two   kinds  of  hammerstones,   simple  and 
pitted.     Typical  specimens  of   both   are  shown  in   Plate  xxxii.     Simple 


1  Mills,  (b).  p.  S7. 
'Mills.  (1)1.  p.  4.1 
'Mills    (h),  p.  4.->, 


inio.i 


Smith,  /'■  hitorir  Kmliirkij. 


197 


Imniinerstones  t-onsist  of  pel,-  c  .r  iims-ses  of  nnk  8h«.winK  niore  or  less 
«xtpnsively  hatttrefl  and  sometimes  chipped  surfaces  on  their  en<ls  or  entire 
<ircumference  (Plate  xxxii,  Fijfs.  1.  2)  and  sometimes  are  facete<l  (Plate 
XXXII,  Fig.  :\).  These  are  apparently  simple  or  less  specialized  forms  of 
the  pittwl  hammerstones,  perhaps  siirli  as  were  uswl  only  temiKirarily  or 
«.nly  for  pounding  and  never  as  an  anv  il.  One  specimen  is  apparently  a 
<elt  which  has  been  useil  as  a  hammerstcme  until  lK>th  poll  and  ed^'e are  verv 
lilunt. 

The  pitted  hanunerstones  consist  of  pebl.les  or  hicxks  of  somewhat  wat«r 
worn  stone  which  were  more  or  less  p«Hke<l  on  the  miildU-  .)f  either  side, 
apparently  for  the  reception  of  the  thumh  upon  one  side.  an<l  the  middle 
finjicr  on  the  other  to  facilitate  holding  the  object  as  a  hami  hammer.  One 
s|H'cimcn  (Plate  xxxii.  Fig.  (i)  has  two  such  pits  on  each  side.  One  or 
lM)th  ends,  one  or  lH)th  side  wlges  an.l  .sometimes  the  entire  circumference 
of  such  hammers  are  hatterwl  from  use  in  pounding.  No  carver!  hammers 
marie  of  stone  were  found. 

These  hanunerstones  were  probably  user!  in  flaking  strme  for  the  manu- 
facture of  chipped  iK)ints,  driving  stakes,  pounding  meat,  cracking  nuts, 
as  anvils  or  for  several  such  purposes.  Hammerstones  were  abundant  in 
the  Gartner  village  site.'  Sf)me  were  batterer!  on  one  end,  r>thers  rm  lioth. 
PiftntStoms.  Pieces  r)f  limestrmc  or  sanrlstrme  liearing  rme  (Plate 
XXXII.  Fig.  7)  r)r  se\eral  pits  were  rKcasionally  founrl.  The  pits  arr- 
usually  almut  an  inch  anri  a  half  to  twr)  inches  in  rliameter  l)y  perhaps 
three  r|uarters  of  an  inch  rleep  and  appear  to  have  In-en  jM-ckerl  into  fr>rm. 
The  use  of  pitterl  stones  has  long  been  cr)njectural.  .\  largr>  piece  of  sanrl- 
stone  with  pits  on  lK)th  sirles  was  founrl  by  Mills  in  the  .Vrlena  Mrnmd.^ 

WhitMoiun.  Fragments  r)f  sanrlstr)ne  anrI  even  r)f  gritty  limestone  wr»rn 
Hat  r)r  cr»iicave  upr>n  one  side  were  fr>unrl  (Plate  xxxiii.  Fig.  1).  These 
were  evirlently  whetstrmes  ir)r  shaping  anrI  sharpening  varir)us  tof)Is.  Tn- 
rlrmbterlly  the  stone  cr-Its  were  sharpenr-rl  by  rubbing  then,  upon  such 
grmdtTs.  Wry  likely  the.\-  wr>re  u.sed  in  sharpr-ning  animal  br)nr-s  anrl  antler 
that  were  tr)  l)e  user!  fr)r  awls.  arrr)W  points,  anrl  for  similar  purrM)ses.  In 
fact,  thr'y  may  have  i)een  u.serl  in  grinding  anrl  siiaping  some  r>f  the  smru.th 
anrl  flat  r)bjects  marie  of  shell.  One  (Plate  XXXIII.  Fig.  2)  is  r)f  celt  shape. 
Other  grinrlers  have  one  or  more  V-shapr-rl  grrmvr-s  extenrling  arrr>ss  them 
Thr'.sr>  (Platr'  xxxiii,  Fig.  4)  werr-  appar.-ntly  also  us.-.l  f.,r  sharpening 
the  tips  of  arrow  joints  marie  r)f  antlr-r.  awls  rnarlr-  r)f  [M>ne.  etr.,  althr.ugb 
some  r)f  the  cuts  in  the  stone  are  rather  trM>  sharp  to  havr-  been  sr)  fr)rme(l. 
Whetstones  of  fine  grained  sanrlstone.  some  finger-sliafwrl  pieces  userl  upon 


I  Mlllx.  ihi.  p.  40. 
'  Mills,  la).  p.  (». 


IQR 


AtUhro/mloifual  Pa  item  American  Mimeum  of  \alnral  UiMory.     [Vol.  VI, 


all  sicirs,  others  symmetrically  cut  with  wlgcs  and  sides  snn)othe<l,  but  tlu- 
majority  flat,  with  Krooves  prolwbly  cause<l  hy  sharpening  lione  needhs 
and  awls  and  by  the  manufacture  of  shell  objects,  are  common  in  the  Gart- 
ner site.'  One  whetstone  made  of  sandstone  was  founil  in  tfie  A<lena 
Mound.* 

Arrow-«haff  Smooihcrn.  Sometimes  pieces  of  sandstone  which  may  have 
l)een  use<l  us  whetstones,  iK^ing  Hat  upon  one  or  more  sid«>s,  have  one  or 
more  grooves  semicircular  in  cross  sittion.  These  (Plate  xxxill,  Figs. 
:},  «))  were  prolwbly  used  in  smoothing  and  straightening  arrow-shafts, 
or  in  smoothing  the  Inine  an<l  antler  cylinders,  such  as  arc  shown  in  Plate 
u,  Fig.  15;  Plate  xxxill.  Fig.  9;  and  Plate  xuii.  Figs.  I,  2.  The  two 
fragments  shown  in  Plate  xxxiii,  Figs.  .J,  (i,  resemble  the  semi-cylindrical 
arrow-shaft  smoothers  of  the  Northwest  plateaus.  The  gnH)ve  iri  the  first 
seems  rather  sharp  for  such  a  purpose.  It  may  Ik-  unfinished  or  intendetl 
tr»  become  more  semicircular  in  section  by  use. 

Chmh  of  Bout.  Objects  resembling  chisels  made  of  fragim-nts  of  Ikmic 
especially  of  the  metatarsus  of  the  iltn-r  were  «Kcasionally  found.  These 
may  have  lieen  use<l  in  wood  working '  or  possibly  as  skin  fleshcrs  or 
grainers. 

Pitta  ai„l  CiiUmhrf,  of  Anthr  ami  Horn.  Pin-shajM'<l  objects  of  antler 
'Plate  XXXIII,  Fig.  8)  and  Imne.  one  of  them  (Plate  xxxiv.  Fig.  10) 
having  an  incision  setting  «.tr  a  knob  of  bone  an<l  head  and  cvlimlers  of 
antler  (Plate  xxxiii.  Fig.  9;  Plat-.'  xuii.  Figv  1,  2;  Piute  li,  Fig.  l.'))  may 
have  Ih'cii  usc<1  as  tools  if  iiot  in  games  discusse*!  on  p.  20t>.  Possibly  tlie 
cylinders  may  have  l)een  flakers.  The  large  s«'<tioM  of  antler  with  roundel 
ends  an<l  having  a  natural  ridge  scrupnl  snHH)th  siiown  in  Plate  xxxiir. 
Fig.  10,  may  also  Iw  a  flakcr  or  it  may  be  an  unfinished  knife  handle.^  Such 
handles  wert>  found  in  1884  at  the  Turner  Group  '  in  the  Little  Miami  \'alle\. 
Ohio,"  which  is  not  far  from  Mason  County.  Kentucky.  In  the  interior 
of  British  Columbia  antler  knife  handles  are  sonu'times  boiltnl  to  soften  tficm 
so  that  the  knife  blade  may  be  *lriven  in  easil..  after  wliicli  tii.-  antler  l)e- 
coincs  as  hard  as  ever.' 

Knircs  nmir  of  Bnitrr  Trdh.  The  lower  incisor  of  the  beaver  is  some- 
times cut  off  across  the  l)ase  by  grooving  and  i)reaking.  and  a  jKirtion  of  the 
inner  surface  is  grof)ve<l  out  longitudinally   (Plate  xxxiii,   Figs.    ll-i;i). 


'  Mills,  (b),  p.  r,». 
•Mills,  (a),  Kljf.  21.  p.  22. 
MT.  p.   19«. 

'  Cf.  also  Plato  i.i.  KIrs,  it.  12. 

'Til.'  Turner  Croup  Amis  helonu  Hi  tin-  Hopowell   Culture.    In>w.-v.r    wliilr  tli.-  Kox 
Farm  remains  are  of  the  Kort  .\n«'U'nt  Culture.     See  p.  2.{:t. 
•  Putnam,  (h).  Klas.  S.  '.).  p.  i.'jj 
■  Smith.  «•),  p.  ItMi. 


n»io.| 


Smith.  I'rrhiHioric  Kenlitrky. 


IW 


or  cut  off  flat  (Piute  xxxiii,  Vig.  14).  Two  of  th.«-  last  were  found. 
The  first  two  hu\e  the  left  aide  of  the  cutting  edge  broken  away  as  if  to 
narrow  it.  The  lust  has  a  groove  aciv.  s  the  l«se.  All  these  may  huve  l)een 
used  as  points  for  knives  suitable  for  wcxxl  curving.  Such  knives  haftetl 
in  wooden  handles  are  used  as  chis«'ls  in  making  snowsho«'s  and  al-so  as 
crooke<l  kni\es  by  the  Kastern  ("ree. 

Chippvd  Flnbu.  Some  of  the  sharp  stone  flukes  (Plate  xxxiil,  Fig. 
1«;  Plate  xxxvi,  Fig.  7)  and  the  chipped  jKMnts  may  have  In-en  used  as 
knives.  The  edge  on  one  (Plate  xxxiii.  Fig.  i:,)  is  \uUm\  sm«x.th,  pos- 
sibly from  .such  um'.  Objects  .)f  stone  (Plate  xxxvi,  Fig.  S),  potterv 
(Plate  XXXVI.  Fig.  »),  shell  (Piute  xxxvi,  Figs.  10.  11).  Ume  (Plate 
XXXVI,  Figs.  12  l(i),  teeth  (Plate  xxxvi.  Figs.  17,  IS),  ami  antler  (Plate 
XXXVI.  Figs.  \S)~2\)  U'uring  cuts  urc  menti«»ncd  on  p.  2(Xi. 

Chipptil  Drill  I'oiith.  Slender  chipptnl  points  of  stone  such  as  those 
siiown  in  Plate  xxxiii.  Figs.  17-19.  ami  Plate  xxxvii.  Fig.  12,wereprob. 
ably  use<l  as  jxHuts  for  drills.  Scmie  of  them  have  wide  tangs,  others 
have  bases  but  little  less  acute  than  the  point.  These  were  probablv  huftwl 
m  the  split  end  of  a  cylimlrical  shaft.  The  drill  may  huve  l)een  revolved 
between  the  palms,  the  palm  and  the  thigh,  by  means  of  a  l)ow  or  with  u 
I)ump  drill  uttachment.  Such  p<iints  make  a  tapering  hole  .such  as  may  be 
seen  in  u  lurge  numl)er  of  objects  foumi  here.  .Anumg  them  ure  some 
made  of  stone  (Piute  xxxvii.  Figs.  1-2).  pottery  (Piute  xxxvii.  Fig.  3). 
shell  (Plate  xxxvii.  Fig.  4).  Umv  (Plate  xxxvii,  Fig.  ,j).  teeth  of  War 
(Plate  XXXVII.  Fig.  (i).  wolf  (Plate  xxxvii.  Fig.  7).  deer  (Plate  xxxvii. 
Fig.  S).  elk  (Plate  xxxvii.  Fig.  9),  ami  shell  of  the  turtle  (Plate  xxxvii 
Kig.  10). 

No  hollow  reeils  or  other  drills  corresponding  to  our  <liamond  drill  were 
Found,  unless  we  may  consider  some  of  the  Ixme  tuln-s.  shown  in  Piute 
xxxvi,  Figs.  i:i.  14,  as  having  been  used  for  this  purpo.se.  but  thev  cer- 
tainly sliow  no  signs  of  such  use.  \\v  <lid  find  a  single  sfK-cimen,  a"  frag- 
ment of  a  pipe  (Plate  xxxvii,  Fig.  13).  showing  drilled  holes  wlii<h  \vh 
a  core  such  as  woul.l  result  from  drilling  with  a  hollow  drill,  ami  we  also 
toumi  u  number  of  specimens  with  holes  having  parallel  sides,  such  as  max- 
liave  been  <lril!e(l  by  this  process  (Plate  xxxvii.  Fig.  11).  The  method  (if 
manufactun'  of  certain  objects  involving  the  pnn-ess  of  «lrilling  is  again 
mentioned  on  p.  20(). 


2IM 


AHthroiUiffiral  I'liitrrn  Amrrimn  Mim-nm  «/  Sal„ml  IliMury.     |\«l.  \|. 


TuOUl  ruKD   BV   WuMKN 

Tm>|.*  sup|X)s«l  tf.  have  \y^n  uswl  hy  women  other  than  th.>se  emplovwl 
Ml  the  preparation  of  lood  are  shown  on  Plates  xxxiv-xxxv.  'liev 
include  serap«'rs,  awls,  and  nee«lles. 

Sc-aiMr^  rhipiHd  out  nf  Sionr.  \  few  of  the  less  acute  chipp«-<l  ,KMnts 
of  stone  may  have  In-en  us«hI  as  small  skin  scrapers.  Tlie  *me  shown  in 
Plate  XXXIV,  FiK.  I,  made  of  pinkish  chah-wlony  is  niblH-d  smooth  acnws 
the  etlge  as  an-  the  « hipp«Hl  stone  skin  s<rapers  of  the  Thmjpson  Kiver 
reRion  in  the  ,s.nithen.  interior  of  British  Columbia.  The  latter,  however, 
are  nmch  larjcer. 

The  chippe«l  <lis<-s  .f  limestone  shown  in  Plate  xxii,  Vxy^.  2,  and  the 
chopping  knife  of  limes.^.ne  (Plate  xxii.  Kijc.  3).  as  veil  as  the  ohlonjr 
also  chipptHi  from  limestoi.e  (Plate  xxii.  Fijt.  I.  pp.  IKS.  1S9.  and  ]».->). 
may  have  l)een  inserted  in  th  •  -f.lit  end  of  a  stick  and  us<mI  as  a  .skin  scrap«T 
similar  to  those  employed  .;i  the  Jliompson  River  region.'  However,  such 
skin  stTapers  are  polishe<l  acro.Hs  the  clge  from  u.s«-,  while  none  of  these 
discs  show  signs  of  wear. 

Srra/Mrx  mnilv  of  Bom:  Scrapers  iin.l  fragments  .)f  such  olijec-ts  nuulc 
from  the  metatt.  •s.-il  or  metacarpal  l>one  i^f  the  «leer  (Plate  xxxiv.  Fig.  2) 
were  fnquently  found.  The  middle  portDii  of  the  posterior  surface  of 
this  Umi.  was  groove*]  out  almost  to  the  end.  Xmnfs.  cut  through  to  the  mar- 
rev  canal  in  such  a  wa\  that  along  aiKiut  one  thirrl  of  the  length  of  the  l)on«' 
at  the  nn.ldle  a  sharp  edge  is  formed  where  the  grooving  cuts  off  the  outer 
part  of  the  sides  of  the  lume.  This  portion  of  the  implement  would  serve 
as  a  skin  scraper.  Such  scrapers  are  found  in  the  Thompson  River  region  - 
and  I  have  seen  the  Thompson  River  Indians  snape  skin  with  part  of  an 
old  scythe  Made  about  the  length  .>f  one  of  the.s«>  skin  scrapers.  The  ends 
of  the  scythe  blade  were  woun«l  with  rags  to  protect  the  hands  and  to  f.)rm 
convenient  handles.  Similar  objects  ^  m;.de  of  horse  ribs,  wound  at  the 
«'nds  with  .sagebnish  and  rags  and  used  for  the  same  purpose  were  collected 
from  these  Indians  l)y  Mr.  James  Teit.  The  fragment  of  a  lM>ne  object 
with  little  pits  <lrill.>d  in  „ne  end  (p.  18S,  Plate  un.  Fig.  4)  may  have  l)een 
use<l  as  a  scraper.  Scrap.Ts.  made  of  th»'  metapo«lial  Inmes  of  the  elk  and 
deer  were  found  by  Mills  in  the  cremation  ashes  in  the  (Jartner  Mound.^ 
Broken  pieces  of  these  were  found  in  \arious  parts  of  the  mound  but  only  a 


'  Teit    Plate  XIV.  FIk.  I;    Smilli,  lai,  V\\i.  tM. 
-Sniiili.  la),  KItfs   ti.->,  (ill:    (hi    kIk.  ;j.j(i. 
'  Ttit.  Ki!r:<.  V2fi..  IL'1> 
'  Mills,  (h),  |).  s. 


KMO.l 


Smith,  PrrhiMnfir  Krnhtrky. 


2IM 


1 
1 


few  of  them  iii  the  m-nmtion  a.she«.  S(ru|MTs  riiwh-  i.f  the  shoiihhr  hlu.h' 
o  the  deer  wen-  (HraHionall.v  found  in  the  (Jartner  villaK..  site*  and  some 
made  from  the  shoulder  hiad.-  of  the  elk  wen-  found  Init  th.  unwork.-.! 
Um.^  were  rarely  seen.'  'Hie  ci-lt-like  .»l,j«.ts  made  of  antler  mentiom.l  on 
p.  MNi  (Plate  xxxi.  Fix.  10;  Plate  xxxiv.  Fix.  U).  may  have  iK^-n  u.s«l  hv 
the  won.en  in  seraping  skins,  as  also  may  the  lione  chisel  shown  in  Plate 
xxxiii,  FiK.  7. 

Ma,iuf,uiurv  of  Srm,>,r,  „i,ul,  „f  Bo,„,  The  history  of  the  manufae- 
tnre  of  one  of  th€~«;  s.ra|)ers  is  ilhistrat.nl  hy  s<,me  of  the  speeimens.  The 
natural  metatarsal  and  m.-taearpal  (Plate  xi..  FiK-  I)  Um.-s  of  the  deer 
were  f.iuml.  The  Kroovin^  was  perhaps  done  with  flakes  of  strme  or  ehipp«Ml 
stone  knives.  This  is  suKjtested  l>y  numenujs  s<ratehes  at  the  ...ds  of  some 
of  the  KHHiv.^  sueh  as  would  In-  made  l.y  th.'  slipping  <if  a  t.K.I.  Plate  xi.. 
ly.  2.  shows  a  ehip  sueh  as  may  have  In-en  useil  in  euttin^  them.  Plate  xi 
FiK.  i\,  a  sandstone  such  as  may  have  In-en  u.se«l  in  p-indinK  them  to  a  sharp 
edKe.  Plate  XL,  Fi^.  A.  illustrates  such  a  .s<raper  broken  as  fr.,m  use.  V 
few  entire  and  many  hroken  scrajx-rs  made  of  the  anterior  an<l  p<.steri..r 
metapcMlial  lM.nes  of  the  .h^r  and  elk  wer.-  f..und  throuKh.mt  the  (Jartm-r 
village  site.  The  natural  Umis  wen-  ran-,  nearly  all  of  them  W-inn  broken 
made  into  s<nipers,  or  in  poness  of  iH-ing  ma.le  into  them.  Mills  In-lieviN 
a  blunt  flint  implement  was  u.s«l  in  makinR  thes<«  scraix-rs.' 

Au'l».     Awls  maile  of  lK)ne  were  amouK  the  most  common  finds.     The 

range  of  forms  and  sizes  is  illustrated  in  Plate  xxxiv.  Figs,  li  l.',.  and  Plate 

XXXV.     They  were  pmbably  us..<l  in  making  holes  in  buckskin  and  simi- 

ar  material  in  order  to  sew  m.Kcasins  an.l  other  garments.     S,.me  mav  ha^  e 

been  used  in  making  baskets,  weaving  nets,  .lecrating  potterv  or  even  as 

forks  for  the  preparation  of  f.KMl.  although  it  woul.l  hardiv'  stH-m  likelv 

that  they  were  ustnl  in  eating.     S..me  of  them.  esp«>ciallv  the  long  ones 

may  have  Imh-u  ustnl  as  spt-ar  jK.ints  or  .iaggers  in  hunting  <.r  warfare  an.l 

the  smaller   specunens  may  have  served  as  fish  hooks  or  barbs  for  large 

liooks.     It  IS  possible  that  the  notches  consi.lered   to  be  for  .lecorative 

purposes  were  inten.lcl  to  facilitate  fastening  these  poiiifnl  Im.ucs  to  sonu- 

sort  of  handle  or  fish  h.K>k.     The  points  of  some  of  then,  are  p<,lishe,l  bv 

use,  others  are  polished  throughout  their  entire  surface  probablv  bv  long 

liandling.  '      * 

One  of  the  most  numerous  types  is  shown  in  Plate  xxxv.  These  awls 
are  ma.le  of  the  proximal  en.l  of  an  ulna,  or  in  the  case  of  the  ..ne  shown  in 
nate  xxxv.  Fig.  4.  are  shapt^l  .s<,  that  they  resemble  other  awls  made  of 
that  lK»ne.     The  articular  end  or  the  part  shape.!  like  it  forms  a  convenient 

■  Mills.  (t)i,  p.  4:». 
'Mills,  (l».  p.  4:j. 


203  AiUkrtifinUtgifal  t'apera  AmericaH  MunrHrn  of  Xuluml  HiiUory.    |Vul.  VI, 

handle.  ¥\g.  1  illustrate;*  one  made  «>f  the  ulnu  of  u  ^oudk  elk  which  has 
simply  l)e(>n  sharpem'd  at  the  slenderer  end.  An  awl  nia«le  fn>m  the  ulnu 
<>f  an  elk  but  with  the  expamled  portions  removed  was  found  in  the  Gartner 
village  site.'  Vig.  2  illustrates  one  of  this  type  of  awl  made  of  the  ulna  of  u 
deer,  the  animal  whose  ulna  was  most  fre({uentl.\-  used,  and  it  resendtles 
in  every  way  the  awls  made  of  the  eorrespimdinn  Ume  of  the  elk  just  «l«'- 
seriiMHl.  FIk.  3  illustrates  one  which  has  not  only  l)een  sharpened,  hut  has 
lost  the  epyphysis  and  the  sutural  surface  has  l>een  ruhl>ed  smooth.  This 
prolwhly  is  the  ca.s«-  only  in  awls  made  fntm  lM>nes  <if  young  animals.  It  is 
highly  p«>li.she4l.  .\wls,  always  with  acute  points,  made  of  the  ulna  of  the 
ih-er  wen*  found  in  e\ery  part  of  the  (iartner  village  site.*  .Sometimes  these 
lN>nes  in  their  natural  condition  without  having  In-en  sharpene<l  (Plate  xi., 
Fig.  7)  were  found  and  it  wouhl  set>m  that  such  u  natural  Ume  could  Ih> 
made  into  an  awl  (Plate  \t.  Fig.  S)  in  a  few  moments  hy  roughly  ndihing 
it  into  shape  on  a  gnN)ved  p\n-v  of  sandstone  (Plate  xi.,  Fig.  ii)  such 
as  were  frequently  found.  Fig.  4,  Plate  xi„  illustrates  one  of  this  typ«', 
not  made  of  an  ulnu,  hut  shape*!  like  an  ulna.  It  is  cut  out  of  the  pubic 
l)one  of  a  black  l»ear.  The  ulnae  of  the  black  In'ar  (Plate  xxxv,  Fig.  ,'j) 
and  lynx  (Plate  xxxv,  Fig.  (»)  were  also  made  into  awls. 

Perhaps  the  most  numemus  typ«'  of  awl  is  thut  shown  in  Plate  xxxiv. 
Fig.  3,  mude  fnnn  the  proximal  part  of  the  tursometutarsus  Inme  of  the  wild 
turkey.  The  articular  encl  of  this  l)one  was  use«l  as  a  handle,  the  other  end 
being  cut  off  across  the  marrow  canal  and  shurpemHi.  .S)metinu's  this 
type  of  awl  was  .,;/tche«l  apparently  for  decorative  purposes  (Plate  xxxiv. 
Fig.  4).  Awls  made  from  the  tursometutarsus  of  the  wild  turkey  were 
perhaps  the  most  frecfuently  found  implements  in  the  (iurtner  Mound  und 
in  the  viliuge  site,  where  they  were  found  in  the  gruves,  refu.se  pits,  and  tip! 
sites.     Some  of  them  are  ornamented  with  notches.'' 

We  found  specimens  illustrating  the  methml  of  manufacture  of  this  typ*- 
of  Imne  awl  (Piute  xi..  Figs.  2,  t>,  9-11).  This  series  l)egins  with  a  natural 
tursometutarsus  from  u  mule  wild  turkev  (Piute  xi.,  Fig.  9)  bearing  a  -!)ur, 
and  includes  a  flake  (Plate  XL,  Fig.  2)  or  a  chippe<l  stone  point  for  us*-  as 
u  knife  in  cutting  the  l)one  und  u  whetstone  or  grinder  (Plate  XL,  Fig.  (it 
use«l  for  shuping  und  shurpening  it.  The  notches  in  those  decorated  (Plate 
XL,  Fig.  11)  could  have  been  made  with  the  flake  of  stone.  This  uwl  wus 
found  in  every  stage  of  munufaeture  in  the  Gurtner  Mound.^ 

Similar  awls  were  mrnle  from  the  tibio-tarsus  of  the  wild  turkev;   these 


>  MilLs.  (hi.  !>.  4<'>. 
•MIIIn.  (I».  p.  4ti 
'  yiUU.  (h).  p.  47. 
'  Milh,   (1)1,  p.  S. 


lOIO.I 


Smith,  PnhiMorir  Ktntmky. 


303 


were  neari.v  as  numwMiH  as  thi-  pnxiousl.v  nuntioned  tvpe.  Somr  (Plate 
XXXIV.  Fig.  :,)  an.  in«.le  fr.,„,  the  .listal  part,  perhaps  a  greater  number 
«f  the  pn.xin.ul  ,mrt  (Plate  xxxiv.  Fik.  «.  .S»me  of  the  latter  are 
de«.rat«l  l.y  notches  (Plate  xxxiv.  Fig.  7).  One  has  a  k.,uk«I  ,x.rf„n.- 
lon  near  the  l,u«.  p,«sil,ly  for  suspension.  Th.-  arti.i.lar  emis  usnallv 
forn,  the  hamlle.  I.ut  often  in  th«.s,.  made  iron,  the  pn.xinml  part  this  surfaee 
IS  eiit  awa>'. 

The  history  of  the  inaiuiia.tiire  of  tlu^s.-  two  types  of  «,„„,„,„  uwU  fn.ni 
lus  lH,ne  IS  suKKested  by  the  s,MTimens  found.  .s<„„e  of  which  are  shown  in 
I  late  XI       Ihe  natural    tibi.Marsus  U.ne.  a  rather  small  one,  pn.bablv 
of  H  female  bml.  is  shown  in  Fig.  ll>.     Fig.  14  illustrates  an  awl  n.a.le  from 
the  distal  en.l  while  Fijr.  \\\  shows  one  made  fn.m  the  prr.ximal  end.  «  flake 
siuh  as  may  have  Un-n  »s,hI  in  cutting  the  l»one.  and  a  grindston.-  sueli 
as  was  probably  us«..l  to  snuKith  it  are  shown  by  Figs.  2  an.l  <i,  respec- 
tively.    1 1,,.  ,|,st«|  end  of  the  metatarsus  or  of  th,.  metacarpus  lH,ne  of  the 
deer  was  cxxasionally  made  into   awls  (Plate   xxxiv.  Fig.   12     Plate   xi 
Fig.  4).     Sometimes  it  was  cut  in  two  by  grooving  and  breaking  so  that  the 
two  lK>nes  which  were  fused  tc»gether  to  make  it  were  separated  again  and 
one  or  lH)tli  parts  were  made  into  awls  by  sharpc-ning  (Plate  xxxiv.  Fig   1.3- 
Plate  XI..  Fig.  .5).     Whether  made  of  an  entire  or  of  half  an  end.  the  articu-' 
lar  surface  usually  served  as  a  hamlle.     An  awl  made  of  half  of  the  distal 
enc  of  the  metapodial  lH,ne  of  the  deer  was  found  at  the  Gartner  village  site 
ami  Mills  considers  that  it  may  have  lH.en  ma.le  from  a  brc»ken  scraper - 
In  a  few  castas,  however.  (Plate  xxxiv.  Fig.  14)  the  awl  was  made  of  the 
proximal  end  which  was  cut  away  and  smcxithed. 

Thc-^life  history  of  these  awls  is  also  suggested  by  objects  found  in  this 
site      The  natural  lK,ne  (Plate  xi..  Fig.  1)  was  seldom  foun.l.  but    flakes 
of  stom.    Plate  xi..  Fig.  ■')  such  as  could  have  lH.en  usc'd  to  cut  it  and  grind- 
stones    Plate  XL.  Fig.  fi)  on  which  it  could  be  groun.l  to  shape-,  as  well  as 
fini-shed  awls  of  In^tJI.  styles  (Plate  x...  Figs.  4.  .-,)  were  frec<uentlv  found. 
Awls  made  from  othc-r  iK.nes  (Plate  xxxiv.  Fig.  1.5)  were  al.so  found  and 
not  a  few  made  from  fragments  of  the  long  Ix.nes  of  c,ua<lr,.,H.ds  (Plate 
XXXIV    Fig    S)  and  birds  (Plate  xxxiv.  Fig.  9)  were  frec.uentlv  sc.ur^L 
An  awl  made  o   one  of  the  heavy  lK,nc.s  of  the  deer  or  elk  was  foumi  in  the 
(.artner  Moun.  I-     Awls  made  of  the  shouldc'r  blade  of  the  elk  and  Virginia 
deer  were  fouml  m  the  Adena  Mound  '  ami  in  the  Gartner  village  site  but 
the  elk  lK,ne  m  a  natural  state  was  rarely  found  in  the  latter^      \n  awl 


'  MlIU,  (b).  p.  4.5. 
-Mills,  (b).  |».  Jtt. 
'  Mills.  (8).  p  24. 
«  Mills,  ib).  pp.  4;{.  47. 


204 


AnlhroiHilogicnl  Pajiers  Aiiutiran  Muxcum  of  Xatiinil  Hixtonj.     \\'o\.  VI, 


decorated  with  incised  lines  encircling  it  near  the  point  and  having  an  en- 
largement about  one  quarter  of  the  way  hack  from  the  point  to  the  base 
was  found  in  the  Gartner  Mound.'  A  small  pointed  object  was  found  here 
in  Kentucky  (Plate  xxxiv,  Fig.  10)  which  is  a  sharptMied  cylindrical 
piece  of  the  wall  of  a  large  bone.  It  was  originally  broken  off  b\'  ^rr^n, ,  TiC, 
and  is  also  groove<I  about  a  cjuarter  of  an  inch  from  the  present  lusc.  It 
is  probably  intended  for  some  kind  of  an  awl.  The  splint  l)f  e  Plate 
XXXIV,  Fig.  11)  from  the  leg  of  the  deer  may  have  been  used  fo  iii  awl 
A  double  pointed  awl  made  from  the  heavy  leg  Imne  of  a  deer,  one  made 
from  the  tibio-tarsus  of  a  bird,  and  one  made  of  antler  were  found  in  the 
Gartner  site.=  Some  were  beautifully  wrought  and  highly  polished.  They 
were  also  found  in  the  Gartner  graves. 

Needles.  No  very  fine  needles  were  found  but  the  object  made  of  bone 
shown  in  Plate  xxxiv,  Fig.  17,  is  apparently  a  needle  with  the  eye  broken 
out  and  the  penis  bone  of  the  raccoon  perforated  at  the  distal  end  (Plate 
I.I,  Figs.  10,  11)  may  have  been  usetl  as  a  needle.  The  highly  polished  and 
pointed  pieces  of  long  bones  of  birds  (Plate  xxxiv.  Figs.  9,  1<>)  may  be 
needles  in  process  of  manufacture;  as  too  may  be  the  piece  of  bone  or  antler 
partly  drilled  at  one  end  (Plate  xxxix,  Fig.  10),  all  of  which  were  found 
here. 

The  bone  object  shown  in  Plate  i.i.  Fig.  16,  may  possibly  but  not  prol>- 
ably  have  been  u.sed  as  a  large  netting  needle.  It  is  made  from  the  wall  of 
a  large  long  bone  of  some  animal,  and  has  a  lanceolate  point,  cylindrical 
shaft,  and  a  perforation  through  its  irregular  base.  Fragments  of  what  may 
have  been  the  same  kind  of  an  object  are  shown  in  Plate  xxi.  Figs.  6,  7, 
the  groove  aroiiud  the  broken  basal  end  of  the  latter  may  have  been  to 
facilitate  attaching  a  thread  or  cord  in  an  attempt  to  jise  it  after  it  was 
broken.  Needles  made  of  bone  were  only  occasionally  fouiul,  but  broken 
pieces  of  them  were  numerous  in  the  Gartner  site  all  of  whicli  had  a  circular 
eye  in  the  largest  end.^  One  made  of  bone  was  found  by  Mills  in  the  Adena 
Mound.^ 

Mani(f(icfiirc  '^  Xirdlr/t.  The  history  of  the  manufacture  of  this  object 
is  suggested  by  a  few  of  the  specimens  found  here.  Plate  xi,il.  Fig.  4, 
shows  the  natural  penis  bone  of  the  raccoon;  the  next  specimen  is  perfo- 
rated vertically  through  the  tip  and  the  articular  knobs  of  the  base  have 
been  cut  off.  The  perforating  could  have  been  done  with  a  drill  jwint 
chipped   from  stone  (Plate  xlii.  Fig.  3)  by  continuing  the  drilling  until 


■Mills,  (b),  p.  10. 
'Mills,  (l);,  1).  IS 
•Mills.  (b1,  p.  48 
<  Mills,  (a),  pp.  II,  24. 


1010.1 


Smith,  I'lrhislorir  K<i,liieky. 


205 


the  point  was  fur  through  the  lM>ne  so  as  not  to  form  a  conoi.l  or  hic„noi,l 
perforation.  Some  of  the  long  hone  tubes  may  huNe  I.een  nee.Ile  eases.' 
1  he  bone  objeet  shown  in  Phite  lui,  Fig.  ;i,  eut  out  of  the  shoul.ler 
blade  of  a  «leer  and  pt-rforated  with  fourteen  <lrilled  or  gouge.l  l,«hs.  .some 
of  them  tapermg  from  one  si.K-  an.l  some  from  the  other,  and  ail  but  one 
arranged  so  that  they  fortn  a  son.ewhat  M-shaped  figure,  umy  possil,ly 
have  been  use<i  as  a  sewing  in.plement,  perhaps  for  the  sn„mthing  of  sinew. 
Ihesame  may  be  said  of  the  perforat«l  bone  objeet  sliown  in  Ph.te  xxxvn 
Fig.  5.  On  the  other  hand,  the  former  objeet  may  haxe  been  used  with  J 
short  lM>no  tube  or  bead  as  a  spreader  for  roac-hed  hair  (p    Ho) 

Spinmng  audWeaving.      While  .some  of  the  perforated  dises  of  stone 
(Plate  XXXV.,   F.g    1;   Plate  x,.,;   Plate  xuv),  of  pottery  (Plate  xxxvn. 
Fig.  3  ,  and  of  shell  (Plate  xxxvn.  Fig.  4;    Plate  i.,  Figs.  9-13),  mav  h.  e 
served  as  spmdie  whorls  it  ,loes  not  seem  probable  on  account  of  the  sn,  ,11 
perforation  m  .some  and  tlu-  biconcave  surfaces  in  manv,  that  thev  were 
mmie  for  adjustment  to  a  shaft  and  used  in  this  manner.     Some  of  them  bear 
gt^metne  designs,  one  a  realistic  pictograph.     These  are  further  mentioned 
on  p.  LIO     No  other  objects  .supix,se,l  to  have  .served  in  spinning  or  weav- 
ing were  found  and   the  only   evidence  of  .spinning  is  the  impres.sions   on 
pottery  of  twisted  cord  which  may  have  been  made  without  the  use  of  a 
w^^>r    (Plate  xxrv.  FV  G;    Plate  xxv,  Fig.  3).     The  netting  (Plate  xxr. 
Fig.  15;   Plate  XXV.  Figs.  1-2)  shown  by  such  impressions  is  the  neares; 
approach  to  evidences  of  wea\ing. 

Finger  y„U.  and  Ti,..  The  finger  nails  and  tips  .seem  sometimes  to 
have  served  m  the  place  of  tools  in  forming,  or  at  least  in  .lecorating.  potterv 
as  indicated  by  the  impressions  on  Ncssels  (Plate  lv,  Figs.  1-10). 


Processes  of  ]\rAM'FArTi  re. 

oJA^  ^7r""  T'^?'"'^  '"  "'"'^•"^'  *''^  ^""""^  "''i^^^t^  f«'""l  o--  indi- 
cated b.v  finds  on  this  farm  comprise:  rubbing,  cutting,  drilling,  punching 

Piu-E'  Ti  "'  '"^''"'^''  """''""^''  '"'^^^^^'^^'"^'  '^'^^^'  ^^-^'  -d 
painting  These  processes  may  each  be  illustrated  by  a  .series  of  specimens 
.selected  from  the  objects  found.  ^^""ens 

.Jf7"\^T^t''  "'".P"'''^'^'"^  ^^"^  the  process  by  means  of  which 
practically  all  the  objects  formed  by  pecking  and  .some  of  those  formed  bv 
ehippmg  were  finished,  also  by  means  of  which  many  objects  were  mad^ 
Ihe  rough  grinding  was  no  doubt  done  with  coarse  grin.lstnnos,  like  those 

'  Cf.  Hoa.s,  KIk.  234,  p.  4.3.3. 


206  Atilhro/iolonintl  I'nprrx  Aniirican  htmrum  of  Xaliiral  Hixtory.     (Vol.  VI, 

(Ie3cril>e«l  cm  p.  197  and  shown  in  Piute  xxxvi,  Vig.  I.  The  finer  Krimling 
or  poUshinj;  was  prohahly  done  with  finer  grinding  stones  and  perhaps  hy 
rubbing  with  the  hand  or  some  fine  materials,  the  nature  of  which  is  only 
conjectural.  The  results  of  this  process  are  shown  in  objects  made  of  stone 
(Plate  XXXVI,  Fig.  2),  pottery  (Plate  xxxvi,  Fig.  -i),  bone  (Plate  xxxvi. 
Fig.  5),  antler  (Plate  xxxvi.  Fig.  4),  teeth  (Plate  xlix.  Fig.  18),  and  shell 
(Plate  XXXVI,  Fig.  0). 

Ciittitig.  Cutting  is  illustrated  by  the  flake  of  stone,  ijossibly  a  flake- 
knife,  shown  in  Plate  xxxvi,  Fig.  7,  and  the  lieaver  tooth  knives  shown  in 
Plate  XXXIII,  Figs.  11-14  both  of  which  artifacts  may  have  been  used  for 
cutting.  The  refuse  from  the  prcK-ess  was  probably  Uw  minute  to  l)e  dis- 
covered; at  least  we  found  nothing  which  we  recognized  as  such,  but  the 
products  of  this  pnxess  are  shown  by  cuts  on  objects  of  the  following  mate- 
rials: stone  (Plate  XXXVI,  Fig.  S),  pottery  (Plate  xxxvi.  Fig.  9),  shell 
(Plate  xxxvi,  Fijts.  10-11),  bone  (Plate  xxxvi,  Figs.  12-lH),  eagle  claw 
(Plate  xviii.  Fig.  .')),  antler  (Plate  xxxvi,  Figs.  10-21),  and  teeth  (Plate 
XXXVI,  Figs.  17-18).  The  history  of  the  manufacture  of  arrow  tips  of 
antler  and  fish  hooks  of  Ixrne  in  which  this  process  was  used  has  been  de- 
scribefl  on  pp.  185  and  187  and  is  illustrate*!  in  Plate  xxxviii.  Figs.  8-21, 
and  Plate  xxxix,  Figs.  1-10. 

Drilling.  Drilling  is  illustrated  by  drills  chipped  from  stone  which  were 
ilescribed  rm  p.  199,  and  shown  in  Plate  xxxvii.  Fig.  12.  Drilling  with 
a  chippe<l  stone  drill  usually  resulted  in  a  perforation  taper-"  t'rom  the 
side  from  which  it  was  drilled.     In  some  cases  the  drilling  ?  from 

both  sides,  the  two  holes  meeting  and  resulting  in  a  l)ore  v  aperetl 

from  both  ends,  or  where  the  process  was  continued  long  enough,  the  taper 
was  lost  and  the  hole  came  to  have  parallel  sides.  The  refuse  from  this 
process  was  too  minute  for  us  to  discover,  but  the  results  of  the  work  are 
shown  on  objects  made  of  stone  (Plate  xxxvii,  Figs.  1.  2),  pottery  (Plate 
xx\'  II,  Fig.  3),  shell  (Plate  xxxvii.  Fig.  4),  Iwne  (Plate  xxxvii.  Fig.  5). 
teeth  (Plate  xxxvii.  Figs.  «)-9),  turtle  shell  (Plate  xxxvii.  Fig.  10),  an<l 
antler  (Plate  xxxvii.  Fig.  11). 

Drilling  was  also  done  with  a  tube  which  made  a  nearly  strai,  .inled  bore 
and  sometimes  left  a  core  as  seen  in  the  lower  hole  in  the  pipe  shown  in 
Plate  XXXVII,  Fig.  13.  Sand  and  water  may  have  accompanic'  the  use 
of  such  a  drill. 

Punching.  Punching  was  employe*!  as  a  process  as  is  shown  by  the 
holes  in  the  bottom  of  some  of  the  objects  made  of  pottery,  perforated  from 
the  inside  before  firing  (Plate  xxxvii,  Fig.  14).  This  process  cau.se<l 
the  pottery  to  be  depressed  around  the  punched  hole  on  the  inner  side  and 
elevated  in  a  little  ring  around  the  opening  on  the  opposite  side 


1010.1 


Smith,  PrrhiHlorir  Kvnliirki/. 


2()7 


Chipping.  A  haininerHtoni'  (Plate  xxxviii.  Fi);.  2;  Plate  xxxii,  Figs. 
Wi),  such  as  is  .leserilMHl  on  p.  19()  is  pn)bal)ly  the  tcml  that  was  use«l 
for  ehippinjc.  Chips  of  stone,  the  refuse  from  this  prm-ess  are  shown  in 
Plate  XXXVIII,  Fig.  :i.  ChippinK  is  seen  on  the  unfinished  anil  rejecte*! 
chipped  ohjects  shown  in  Plate  xxxvii.  Fig.  l.");  Plate  xxxviii.  Fig. 
4  and  on  tlu-  chipped  points  (Plate  xx),  limestone  discs  an<l  oNongs 
(Plate  XXII,  FiKs.  2^).  and  also  on  the  edjres  of  the  unfinished  potterv 
.hscs  shown  in  Plate  xxxvii.  Fig.  10;  Plate  xi.i,  Fig.  12.  The  intthml 
of  manufacture  of  chipi)ed  points  by  the  process  of  chippinu  lias  been  d.- 
scribed  on  p.  1,S4  and  is  illustrate.!  in  Plate  xxxvp:,  Fi>rs.  l-.j. 

Fhdinr,.  Flakinj;  to  finish  .some  chippe<l  objVcts  was  probably  .lone  with 
the  Inme  and  antler  cylin.lers  mentione.1  on  p.  I9S  and  shown  in  Plate 
xxxvni.  Fig.  .-,.  an.l  Plate  i.i.  Fig.  l.V  Flakes,  the  refuse  from  this 
process  were  found  and  are  shown  in  Plate  xxxviii,  Fig.  (>.  The  finished 
l)roduct.  the  result  of  flaking,  is  shown  in  Plate  xxxviii,  Fiu-  7,  and  also 
by  part  of  the  work  on  the  chipped  points  (Plate  xx),  an.l  p..ssibly  bv  some 
.)»  the  work  .m  tiic  limestone  .liscs  and  obl.mj;  (Plate  xxii.  Fi^s.  2,  4), 
while  the  history  .)f  nuinufacture  by  means  of  Haking  is  .U.scribe.l  on  p' 
1S.I  ami  illustrate.1  by  the  series  of  specimens  sh.)wn  in  Plat.-  xxxviii, 
^ IRS.  4-7.  Short  cylin.K.s  of  antler,  flat,  l.attere.1,  an.l  splintere.l  on  on.' 
.•n.l,  but  convex  on  the  oth.T.  perhaps  flakers.  an.l  if  .so  pr..bal)lv  us.-.l  with 
percussion  .>n  the  .-n.l  instea.l  .>f  with  lateral  pressure  as  the  L.uk  cvliu.lers 
were^ probably  us...l.  were  fouml  by  Mills'  in  the  Haum  site. 

Prdinf,.     The  pr.)cess  of  pecking  is  illustrat.-.l  hv  .s.)me  of  the  speei- 
mens  fo.m.l,  n.>tably  by  the  celts,  st.me  .lis.s,  an.l  pipes  fPla..-   xxxvii 
^.K.  I.:    Plate  xxxi,  Figs.  18;  Plate  xuii.  Fig.  ]();   Plate  xi.vi.  Fig  7)! 
Ihese  sh.,w  th.'  peck  marks  .•au.s,>.l  by  striking  the  st.)ne  with  a  p,!,!.!,.  or 

hammcrstone.     The  refu.s.-,  fin. st,  from  this  pr.,cess  is  to.,  minut.-  to  I,.- 

toun.l.     .Uter  p.-.-king  the  .)bjects  int..  shape  they  were  ..ften  finish.-.l  hv 

grin.lmjr  and  polishing  which  effa.-...l  part  ..f  the  pe.k  marks  .,r  all  .,f  th.-.'n 

It  .•..ntmucd  l..ng  en,.ugh.     Finishe.I  obj,.cts  ma.le  bv  this  pr...rss  ar.>  shown 

m  s,.me  of  the  figun-s  in  Plat.'s  xxxi,  xi.iii,  xi.vi.     The  meth.,.l  ..f  mami- 

acture  ..f  celts,  .hscs.  an.l  pipes  by  this  pr...v.ss  has  been  menti..n.-d  .„,  pp. 

I9.>,  JiO.  and  2i;i  ^ 

JfoMim,.     Mo,l,.li„g  was  us.-.l  in  making  the  rims  and  han.ll.-s  ..f  p,.ts 

ami  in  makmg  pipes.     The  tools  u.se.l  in  modeling  have  not  be..„  .-ertainlv 

1.  entihe.1.     They  may  have  been  nm.le  of  woo,l,  but  it  is  p.,ssible  th.it  some 

..t  the  bone  ..bj.Tts  n.>tably  th.).s,.  mentione.1  on  p.  201  an.l  shown  in  Plate 

XXXIV,  F >gs.  3-L>  were  used  for  that  purp.,se.     Signs  of  the  use  ..f  th..  fing,-rs 


'Mills,  (c).  p.  tw. 


208  Anthroiioloffical  I'aiurs  Amtrican  Muiiium  of  Sntuml  Hixtoru.     [\ol.  VI, 

and  finger  nails  in  modeling  liave  lieen  mentioned  on  p.  205.  The  finished 
products  of  modeling  are  shown  in  Plates  xxvi-xxx;  Plate  XLViii,  Fig. 
1;  Plate  u.  Figs.  I,  2,  4-6;  and  Plates  uv-Lix. 

Impressing.  Impressing  upon  pottery,  liefore  firing,  with  twisted  cords 
and  net  work  or  cord  and  net  covered  paddles  (Plate  xxv,  Fig.  1),  carved 
paddles  (Plate  xxv.  Fig.  (>)  and  what  may  lie  a  fruit  pit  (Plate  lv,  Fig. 
11)  seems  to  ha\e  In-en  an  intentional  process  of  manufacture,  at  least  in 
some  cases.  Some  of  the  impressions  may  have  been  accidental  or  a  by- 
product, as  it  were,  of  the  manufacture  of  pottery  dishes. 

Twisting.  The  process  of  cord-making  is  known  to  have  existed  through 
tlie  impressions  on  pottery  previously  descriljed  and  shown  in  Plate  xxv, 
Fig.  3.  ("ord  was  probably  twisted  with  the  fingers  or  upon  the  thigh  and 
was  no  doubt  made  from  vegetable  material,  possibly  bass  wood  bark,  as 
among  modern  Indians  inhabiting  the  same  linguistic  area.  No  tools  or 
waste  from  this  process  have  been  recognized  as  such  among  the  finds 
made  here. 

Knitfing.  Tliat  net-making  existed  as  a  process,  we  know  from  the 
impressions  of  netting  on  pottery  frequently  mentione<l  before  an«l  shown 
in  Plate  xxv,  Figs.  1,  2.  Some  of  the  bone  objects,  notably  the  awls  and 
the  spatulate  bone  shown  in  Plate  Li,  Fig.  Ki  (p.  185)  may  have  been  used 
as  shuttles  or  needles.  Xo  other  tools  or  waste  material  from  this  process 
have  been  recognized  as  such  if  found  at  all. 

Painting.  The  process  of  painting  is  known  to  have  existed  through  the 
line  work  on  the  fragment  of  pottery  described  on  p.  223  and  shown  in  Plate 
nv,  Fig.  11.     Tlie  tcM)ls  used  in  the  process  are  unknown. 


HlHTOKV   OF   MaNIFA(  Tl'RKD   OBJECTS. 


Tlie  history  of  the  manufacture  of  some  classes  of  objects  has  been  dis- 
cussed witli  tin-  description  of  each;  points  chipped  out  of  stone  on  p.  1S4 
(Plate  xxxviii.  Figs.  1-7);  rubl)wl  out  of  antler  on  p.  185  (Plate 
xxxviii.  Figs.  8-18);  fisli  hooks  of  two  kinds  on  p.  187  (Plates  xxxix, 
Figs.  19);  pottery  on  p.  H«)  (Plates  xxiv-xxx;  Plate  l.v);  celts 
nuule  of  aiitl.T  on  p.  ISKi  (IMate  xxxix,  Figs.  11-14);  scrapers  made  of 
bone  on  p.  201  (Plate  xi..  '''igs.  13);  and  awls  of  several  types  on  p.  202 
(Plate  xt.,  Figs.  1-2,  4-14).  The  history  of  the  manufacture  of  other  arti- 
facts will  l)e  discussed:  perforated  phalanx  bones  on  p.  210  (Plates  xix, 
Figs,  (i-9);  perforated  discs  of  stone  on  p.  210  (Plate  XLi,  Figs.  1-10); 
perforated   discs  of  pottery  <m   p.  211    (Plate   xu.    Figs.  G-10;    11  15); 


1910.1 


Smith,  Prehistoric  Kentucky. 


209 


whistles  made  of  lK>ne  on  p.  212  (Plate  xi.ii.  FiK3.  i-3);  perforated  penis 
Iwnes  of  the  raccoon  on  p.  2W  (Plate  XLii,  Figs.  3-r,);  beads  made  of  Imne 
of  various  kinds  and  of  various  animals  on  p.  210  (Plate  XLii,  Figs.  10-14; 
15-17);   and  pipes  made  of  stone  on  p.  213  (Plates  XLVi  and  xi.vii). 


;* 

•# 


Gamks,  REur.ioLs  Objects,  Pipks,  and  Amu.sements. 

A  numl)».r  of  objects  which  were  probalily  used  in  games  and  some  of 
which  were  possibly  so  employed  were  found.  They  are  shown  in  Plates 
xuii  and  xi.iv. 

Tithc.'^  find  CyUnikrx.  The  Imne  tubes  mentione*!  on  p.  ISU  (Plate  xxi, 
Figj.  S-10),  the  cylin<Iers  made  of  Ijone  mentioned  on  p.  19S  (Plate  u' 
Fig.  15),  and  the  cylinders  made  of  antler  mentioned  on  pp.  1,S5,  198,  207^ 
221,  and  (Plate  XMii,  Figs.  1-2)  may  have  been  ii.sed  in  gambling. 

Din:  The  astragalus  bone  of  the  deer  (Plate  XLiii,  Fig.  8)  mav  have 
been  used  as  a  die. 

Ring  (1,1(1  Pin  (Jamr.  The  phalanx  or  toe  bones  of  the  elk  (Plate  xi.iii, 
Fig.  4)  and  deer  (Plate  XLiii.  Figs.  5-7)  perforated  through  the  distal  artic- 
ulation and  cut  off  around  the  proximal  end  were  possii.lv  u«e.I  in  a  game 
resembling  ring  ul  pin.  Digits  oi  the  deer  with  the  proximal  part  cu'  off 
and  the  distal  en.i  perforated  are  f(>un(l  in  abumlance  in  the  refuse  pil^,  but 
none  have  been  foun.l  in  the  graves  of  the  (Jartner  site.'  None  of  the..- 
hones  foun.l  here  by  us  were  shape.l  for  use  as  arrow  ,K,ints  like  some  of 
those  described  by  Mills.= 

Some  of  the  Ume  awls  described  on  p.  201  (Plate  xi.iii.  Fig.  3)  mav  have 
been  used  in  connection  with  these  toe  Imnes  for  the  pin.  The  phalanx 
bone  or  boiu-s  representing  the  ring  may  have  1.  .  tosstnl  up  an<l  caught 
on  the  point  of  an  awl.  These  phalanx  bones  may  be  compared  with  others 
drilled  and  cut  whVh  are  known  to  have  Ihh^u  used  in  this  game  among  the 
Algonkm,  Athapascan  and  Siouan  tribes '  where  they  are  often  drilled  and 
notched.  However,  tlu-  same  general  game,  but  with  some  substitute  for 
the  phalanx  bones  is  widely  distributed  in  America  as  .lescribed  by  Culin. 
The  numl)er  of  the  |)halanx  '.ones  used  is  not  constant.  The  game  is  played 
hotli  for  stakes  an.l  as  a  child  s  amusement.  Possibly  the  perforated  object 
cut  out  of  the  thin  shoulder  l)lade  of  a  deer,  mentioned  on  p.  205  and  shown 
m  Plate  Mil,  Fig.  3.  may  have  served  the  purp..se  of  the  ring  in  this  game, 
llie  humerus  of  a  wild  turkey  with  three  perforations  on  each  side  near  the 


'  Mills,  fb),  p.  .58 
»  AfllU,  (b)  I).  41. 
»  Culln.  p.  527. 


210 


Anthropol4>gical  I'lipem  Amvriean  .Xtunrum  of  \iilurul  Hinhry.    (Vol.  VI, 


m 


head,  found  by  Mills  in  the  Gartner  site '  may  possibly  have  lieen  use«l  as 
the  ring  rather  than  for  the  attachment  of  rattles  as  mentione<i  on  p.  212. 

Manufacturr  of  Phalanx  Bonr  OhjicU.  The  history  of  mamifactiire  of 
these  phalanx  Ixine  objec-ts  is  at  least  partly  illustrated  by  spe<'imens  found 
here.  The  natural  phalanx  Imne  (Plate  xui,  Fijf.  <))  was  wcasionally 
found,  points  chipped  from  stone,  such  as  the  one  so  made  from  chalce«lony 
shown  in  Plate  xi.ii.  Fig.  7,  which  were  probably  used  for  cuttinj;  off  the 
proximal  en<l  of  the  phalanx  liones  were  common,  drill  points  chipped  from 
stone,  such  as  the  one  chipped  from  chalcetlony  shown  in  th.  next  figure, 
which  were  nearly  as  numerous  were  no  doubt  used  for  making  the  perfora- 
tion in  the  distal  end  of  the  Iwne  and  the  completetl  object  made  «)f  the 
phalanx  Ixme  by  cutting  off  the  proximal  end  ami  perforating  the  distal 
end  were  fairly  common. 

Discs.  It  seems  possible  that  .some  of  the  st«me  discs  (Plate  xi.iii. 
Figs.  12-17;  Plate  xliv)  and  jMissibly  some  of  those  that  are  perforated 
(Plate  XLlv)  may  have  been  used  in  gambling.  The  <li.scs  and  perforated 
discs  made  from  potshenis  (Plate  xun,  Figs.  9-11)  and  the  perforiited 
di.scs  made  of  shell  (Plate  I.,  Figs.  9-11)  may  have  l)een  used  in  the  same  way, 
or  possibly  some  of  the  stone  and  pottery  discs  were  so  used,  while  others 
were  employed  for  spindle  whorls  (p.  205).  It  is  possible  that  the  chipfx'd 
limestone  discs  (p.  189;  Plate  xxii.  Fig.  2)  were  used  in  the  same  or  a 
similar  game.  A  discoidal  stone  *  which  in  a  wa\-  resembles  these,  but  is 
larger,  was  found  in  the  (lartner  Mound. 

Manufacture  of  Discs  made  of  Stone.  The  inanuracturc  of  the  discs 
made  from  stone  may  be  illustrated  from  the  s|)ecimens  in  the  collection. 
The  series  consists  of  a  piece  of  sandstone  (Plate  .\i,i,  Fig.  1),  a  celt  cliipped 
and  ground  from  jasjjer,  such  as  may  have  In-en  used  to  cliip  such  stone 
into  discs  (Plate  XLi,  Fig.  (i),  a  piece  of  sandstone  cliipped  to  a  <lisc  sliajK' 
(Plate  xi.i,  Fig.  2),  fine-grained  sandstone,  such  as  may  have  Ix'cn  used 
to  grind  and  sni(M)th  discs  (Plate  xu,  Fig.  7),  a  drill  [xniit  chipped  from 
cl!«'rt  such  as  may  h-.ive  been  u.sed  for  perforating  tliscs  (Plate  xi,i.  Fig.  S), 
a  piece  of  sandstone  chipped  to  disc  shape,  roughly  ground  and  partly 
drille<l  (Plate  xu,  Fig.  3),  a  flake  of  ja.sper  such  as  may  have  been  used 
for  countersinking  and  incising  (lis<-s  (Plate  xi.i,  Fig.  10),  a  piece  of  sand- 
stone chipped  to  disc  shape  roughly  ground,  drilled  and  countersunk  (Plate 
XLi,  Fig.  4),  a  small  <lrill  {joint  <'hipped  from  chalcedony  such  as  may  ha\e 
i)een  used  for  dotting  discs  (Plate  xi.i,  Fig.  9)  and  a  finished  perforate*! 
disc  of  samlstone  marked  with  lines  and  dots  (Plate  xu.  Fig.  .3).  S«inie 
of  the  di.scs  (Plate  xun.  Figs.  15-17)  were  pwked  into  shape  and  jMilislied. 


'  Mills,  (h),  p.  .17. 
=  Mills,  (b),  p.  13. 


1!>1().| 


Smith,  I'rrhintorir  Keutwkjf. 


21! 


-« 


Manufacture  of  Disc^  madr  from  Po(j,hrrd».  The  nmnufatture  of  (lk-3 
matle  of  potsherds  may  also  lie  illustratwJ.  The  series  consists  of  a  pot- 
sherd (Plate  xu,  FiK.  11).  a  stone  that  may  have  been  iise.1  for  chipping 
potsherds  (Plate  xu.  Fi^.  (i).  a  .liso  ehippe<l  from  a  potsherd  (Plate  xu. 
Vig.  12).  a  grindstone  for  smoothing  the  ^Ij^e  of  such  a  disc  (Plate  xu, 
FJK.  7),  a  disc  made  of  a  potsherd  with  wlge  rul)l)e«l  smooth  (Plate  xu, 
Fijt.  13),  a  pciirt  for  a  drill  chipped  from  chert  for  perforating  the  disc 
(Plate  xu,  Fig.  S),  a  disc  ma<le  of  potsherri  with  eflge  nibl.«l  smooth  and 
center  perforation  start«l  (Plate  xu.  Fig.  14),  and  the  finishe.1  prwiuct. 
a  disc  chipped  from  a  potsherd  with  the  edges  rul)l)ed  smooth  and  the 
center  perforated  with  a  hiconical  hole  ma.le  by  drilling  from  both  ends 
(Plate  xu.  Fig.  15). 

«r//j7toM.y  Ohirrt,,.     Some  of  the  .ibjects  considere.1  as  personal  ornaments 
«»n  p.  214  may  have  l)een  charms  or  amulets.     The  pipes  consider«-d  on 
p.  212  were  probably  use<l  in    ceremonial    and  religious  wa vs.    Perhaps 
some  of  the  Ixme  tubes  mentioned  on  p.  209  may  have  In-en  used  in  such 
ceremonies.     Similar  tul)es  haxe  U-en  used   by  the  Arapaho  in  the  Sun 
Dance  and  by  the  Ojibway  Imlians  living  in  Michigan.'     The  mo<leled 
pottery  figures  on  and  near  the  rims  of  the  dishes  (Plate  uv.  Figs.  3-10) 
suggests  that  .some  of  the  dishes  may  have  had  a  religious  significanc-  or 
may  have  l)een  used  in  religious  ceremonies  as  may  the  painted  design 
(Plate  uv.  Fig.   11)  ,m    the   potsherd  .iescribcd  on  p.  223.     The  incised 
realistic  scratches    upon  the  objects  shown   in    Plate  r.ii,  Figs    S-13    the 
geometric  .iesigns  .shown   in  Plate   ur.  Figs.  2-(i.  an.l  even  .some  of  the 
sc-ulptures  m  stone,  such  as  tho.se  shown  in   Plate  i.ir,  Fig.  14.  and  the  mod- 
eled forms  on  pottery,  such  as  the  lizanl  and   fish  shown  in  Plate  uv. 
Figs.  9-10.  may  have  represented  manitous  or  religious  synii)ols. 

I{aftl,-.H.  The  fragment  of  perforated  turtle  carapace  mentione.I  on  d 
199  (Plate  xxxvn.  Fig.  10)  may  be  part  of  a  rattle  use.l  on  the  legs  in 
religious  dances;  for,  according  to  Milis,^  a  rattle  made  of  the  carapace 
of  a  turtle  pc'rforated  for  attachment  an.l  containing  small  pebbles  was 
found  on  the  leg  of  a  skeleton  in  the  Gartner  Mound  in  Ohio.  The  skulls 
of  wild  turkeys  usually  perforated  with  one  or  more  holes  in  tlie  <-rown  an.l 
contammg  from  one  to  five  pebbles  which  Mills  believes  to  be  knee  rattles 
were  often  found  in  the  Gartner  Moun.l  an.l  below  the  knees  on  the  skeletons 
n.  the  Gartner  site  an.l  at  the  Baum  village  al.mg  Paint  Creek.  Ohio,  where 
wild  duck  skulls  were  also  found.-^  The  humerus  of  a  wild  turkev  with 
three  perforations  on  each  side  near  the  head  was  foun.l  in  the  Gartner  site 


'Smith,  (f).  p.  2S.T 

'Mills,  (b),  p.  2.1. 

'  Mills.  (I»,  pp.  10.  2:j,  .-,a. 


212  Antnropologienl  Papera  American  Muteum  of  Xatural  Hi»tory.     [Vol.  VI. 


li 


This  Mills  considered  to  have  been  for  the  attachment  of  rattles  but  it 
may  possibly  have  been  used  as  the  ring  in  the  ring  and  pin  game.'  Per- 
forated humerii  of  this  bird  were  occasionally  found  throughout  that  site. 

Gorgets.  Perforated  gorgets  made  of  stone  were  not  frequently  found, 
but  a  fragment  of  a  gorget  is  showr  in  Plate  i.,  Fig.  1.  The  surface  of  the 
stone  is  worn  down  around  the  pei/oratiun  and  in  the  lower  edge  may  be 
seen  part  of  an  old  perforation  through  which  the  object  has  lieen  broken. 
The  broken  edge  was  afterwards  somewhat  smoothed.  The  object  shown 
in  Fig.  2  of  the  same  plate  may  be  a  gorget  although  considere<l  on  p.  219 
as  an  ornament.  Another  fragment  of  what  may  be  a  gorget,  is  shown  in 
Plate  XXXVII,  Fig.  2.  It  was  found  in  the  general  diggings  cf  mound  1. 
There  is  a  perforation  through  this  fragment  and  the  edge  of  the  stone  is 
groovetl  opposite  it  as  if  an  old  perforation  bad  lieen  broken  out  and  the 
present  one  made  since.  There  are  notches  in  the  side  edges.  After  all, 
these  may  not  have  served  as  religious  objects. 

Whltitlci*.  The  hollow  light  bird  Inmcs  and  the  few  small  mammal 
bones  cut  off  at  the  ends  and  drilled  like  pan  pipes  (Plate  u.  Figs.  13-14) 
may  have  been  used  as  whistles  in  religious  ceremonials  ratlurr  than  for 
animal  calls  as  mentioned  on  p.  18(5  or  for  amusement  (p.  214). 

Manufacture  of  Whistles.  The  history  of  the  manufacture  of  this  object 
is  suggested  by  some  of  the  specimens  found  here.  Natural  bird  Iwnes  were 
occasionally  seen.  One  of  these  (Plate  XLii,  Fig.  1)  has  the  ends  broken 
off;  another,  shown  in  the  next  figure,  has  seven  vents  and  at  one  end  an- 
other vent  partly  drilled.  The  third  figure  in  this  plate  sliows  a  drill  point 
chipptnl  from  stone,  such  as  may  have  In-en  used  in  drilling  these  vents. 
The  supposeilly  finished  object  is  shown  in  Plate  i.i,  Figs.  13,  14. 

f^ilH-s.  Pipes  made  of  stone,  especially  yellowish  sandstone,  were  fre- 
quently found.  Some  were  of  limestone,  but  only  one  of  pottt  \  (Plate 
XLV,  Fig.  11)  was  seen.  The  range  of  forms  is  shown  in  Plates  xi.v-xi.vi, 
and  includes  the  simple  bowl  shape  (Plate  xi.v,  Figs.  1-3),  the  ellmw  type 
(Plate  xi.v.  Figs.  4-6),  the  platform  type  (Plate  xiAi,  Figs.  .5-8),  ami 
specialized  forms  of  these  types.  In  the  elbow  pipes,  the  angle  between 
the  axis  of  tlie  l)owl  and  that  of  the  stem  is  much  greater  than  a  right  angle 
in  most  cases.  Tliere  is  also  a  rectangular  piiH-  having  nearly  square  sides, 
tiie  bowl  and  stem  of  wluch  are  made  in  adjacent  edges  (Pla.e  xi.v,  Fig.  10). 
Stone  pipes,  finished  and  unfinished,  mostly  of  fine-grained  .sandstone, 
several  of  greenish  argillitc,  and  others  of  clay  were  found  in  the  Gartner 
site.     ()nc  is  an  cIIkiw  pipe  made  of  oomi)act  sandstone,  another  a  platform 


'  Mills,  (b),  p.  .')7 


1910.) 


Sniilh,  I'rehinloric  Keiilttrky. 


213 


1 


pipe  of  gn-eHisii  argillite.'  A  platform  pipv  iiimle  of  mldish  lirown  saml- 
stone  was  found  in  the  Gartner  Mound.-  \o  iul>ular  pijx-s  were  found 
on  tilt'  Fox  Farm  by  us;  hut  one  of  human  form  mad«'  of  clay  was  found 
by  Mills  in  the  Adcna  Mound.' 

Some  of  the  pipes  found  here  in  Kentucky  Ix-ar  inciseil  geometric  de- 
signs, others  realistic  sketches,  amouR  which  the  human  face  appears.  Stilt 
another  is  sculptun-d  to  represent  a  human  ftHJt  (Plate  xlv,  Fijj.  9). 
The  pottery  pipe  hears  a  nuxlelwl  geometric  tiesign.  These  attempts  at 
decoration  or  symlM)lism  are  <liscussed  under  the  subject  of  art  on  p.  22;i. 
One  piix-  (Plate  xi.v,  Fig.  8)  is  of  urn  shaiM.-  and  of  such  artistic  outline 
that  it  also  is  again  mentioned  there.  As  mentioned  «m  p.  211,  the  pipes 
were  probably  used  in  ceremonial  an<l  religious  ways. 

Miinufiiriurv  «/  /'»>•.*  ma<lr  of  Sfonr.     The  processes  used  in  the  manu- 
factun-  of  pijM-s  and  the  life  history  of  a  pipe  from  the  raw  material  to  the 
finished  object  is  .somewhat  illustrated  by  the  specimens  collecH •!,  especially 
those  shown  in  Plates  xi.vi  ami  xi.vn.     The  cylinder    of  yellowish  sand- 
stone shown  in  Plate  XLVi,  Fig.  1,  has  a  .lot  in  one  end,  evidently  intended 
for  the  bgiiming    of    the  1k)wI.     The    specimens    .shown  in  PJate    XLVi, 
Figs.  1-4  are  evidently  all  unfinishe*!  simple  Ik)wI  pijK's  of  cylindrical   or 
conoid  form  re(|uiring  simply  to  Ik-  drilled  in  the  upiM-r  end  for  the  IjowI 
and  pro\  ide<l  with  a  small  lateral  jjerforation  for  the  reception  of  the  stem. 
The  last  of  these  is  of  limestone  pecked  into  form,  and  has  a  drilling  evidently 
the  iM'ginning  of  the  bowl.     The  specimen  shown  in  Fig.  5  in  this  plate  was 
also  (M-ckcd  into  form  and  the  next  one  was  pecked  from  limestone.      The 
one  shown  in  Fig.  7  of  the  same  plate  was  apparently  broken  in  process  of 
manufacture.     The  broken  pipe  .shown  in  Fig.  0  had  drillings  of  conoid 
form  f.>r  the  bowl  an.l  stem,  holes  of  which  shajH-  could  lia\e  been  made 
with   it  drill   point  chipped  from  stone  (Cf.  Plate  xxxiii.  Fig.  19),  whih- 
the  one  illustrated  in  Fig.  12  has  drillings  of  cylindrical  form  such  as  are 
made  by  drilling  with  a  hollow  drill  resembling  the  mcMlern  dianumd  drill, 
possibly  a  hollow  reed  revolved  l)etween  the  palms  or  between  a  palm  and  a 
thigh  wa.s  .iscd,  probably  with  .some   abrasive  such   as   sand  with  water. 
Such  a  drill  leaves  a  core  like  the  one  shown  in  the  illustration.     The  speci- 
mens shown  in  Plate  xi.vii  are  all  unfinished  pipes  of  the  ell)ow  tvpe,  the 
third  of  reddish  sandstone,  the  fourth  of  limestone,  and  the  others  of  yellow- 
ish limestone,  all  of  which  were  roughly  pecked  into  form.     The  first  is 
marked  for  the  <lrilling  which  would  form  the  »k)w1  as  is  also  the  second 
which  has  been  split  longitudinally  probably  in  the  process  of  manufacture. 
The  third  has  a  drilling  begun  for  both  Imwl  and  sten.,  while  in  the  fourth 


'  Mills,  (b),  p.  .59. 
'Mills,  (b),  p.  17. 
'Mills.  («),pp.  14,28. 


214 


Anlhrofniiiigiral  hiperii  .Anitriean  Mimeiim  of  \ntuml  Hintory.     [Vol.  VI, 


the  bowl  ha.H  l)een  IteKtin,  hut  by  peckinfc  instead  of  by  fIrillinK-  The  ol>ject 
shown  in  Plate  Li,  Fig.  3,  is  possibly  but  not  prolmbly  un  unfinishe«I  pipe. 
The  unfinished  pipes  of  the  Gartner  site  show  that  they  were  jnacle  first 
by  pet'kinK  and  then  by  rubbinK,  and  that  the  IkiwI  was  di-illed  first.'  It  is 
possible  that  some  of  the  l>eads  (Plate  xi.viii)  and  (M-ndants  (Plate  xi.ix) 
nmy  have  l)een  attached  to  the  pipes. 

Amtuemniin.  The  astragalus  lione  of  the  deer  nientiomnl  on  p.  209 
(Plate  XLiii,  FiR.  S)  as  possibly  a  die  may  have  l)een  uswl  as  a  buzz,  and  the 
thin  perforatetl  object  mentionefl  on  p.  209  (Plate  i,iii,  Fig.  3)  may  pos- 
sibly have  been  part  of  a  puzzle.  The  whistles  mentionetl  <m  p.  212  may 
have  l>een  us»'d  for  anmsement. 


W.\HF.\KK. 


A  numl)er  of  objects  were  mentioned  on  p.  184  as  having;  possibly  or 
pn)l)ably  l)een  used  in  Iwth  warfare  and  hmitinK.  It  is  quite  |H)ssible  that 
some  of  the  objects  considere«l  as  articles  of  pers<mal  miornment  may  have 
been  usecl  as  <-harms  attached  to  weapons  for  warfare.  A  lar^rc  object 
made  of  limestone,  possibl\-  a  war  clnli  was  foimd  in  the  Gartner  Mound 
in  Ohio.- 


Dhess  AM)  Adornment. 


Some  evidenc«'s  relating  to  clothinf;  materials,  m<K'casins,  hair  spreaders, 
combs,  and  personal  ornaments,  such  as  l)eads,  pendants,  and  discs  were 
f(mnd.  Personal  ornaments  were  found  in  jjreat  numliers.  They  were 
made  of  stone,  iK)ttery,  bone,  teeth,  and  i>oth  fresh  water  and  ocean  shell. 
Under  miscellaneous  ornaments  we  consider  evidences  of  car  and  nose 
ornaments,  necklaces,  cut  animal  skulls,  bracelets,  rings,  and  pins.  .\  few 
of  the  objects  here  considered  may  have  bwn  charms  and  w<rc  possibly 
used  on  weapons  in  warfare.  Personal  ornaments  made  of  shell  of  the 
fresh  water  mussel  and  large  and  small  <R-ean  molluscs  were  foun<l  at  the 
(Jartner  site.' 

Clothing  Mafiriiilx.  Skins  of  some  of  the  animals  mentioned  on  p.  181 
et.  seq.  as  represented  l»y  th»'ir  bones,  antlers,  and  teeth  found  in  the  refuse 
of  this  village  site,  such  as  the  elk,  deer,  bear,  wolf,  red  fo.\,  lynx  or  wild 
cat,  raccfwn,  opossum,  beaver,  mink,  weasel,  woo<lchuck,  red  or  fo.\  sc)uir- 

'  Mills,  (b).  |).  .v.). 
-  Mills,  lb;,  p.  14. 
=  . Mills,  (h).  p.  ,->:{. 


lUIOI 


Smith,  I'rrhiidorir  Kriilurky. 


21." 


rtl,  uimI  pttik  (.r  w*mkI  rat  iiia.v  havo  fiirnishwl  t\u-  inatcriai  f«r  clotliinK 
The  i'HuU;  owl.  Krtat  l>lii.-  |«Ton.  wil.l  turkry,  an.i  .luck  ma.v  hav.-  supplied 
feathers  f»r  wwtuiiM^  and  even   the  turtle  may  have  ei>ntril>ut«l  useful 
material  (p.  211).     The  impressions  ..f  nettiuK  an.l  eor.1  upon  the  |K.tterv 
shown  m  Ilttte  xxv.  Figs.  1-3.  an.i  easts  taken  of  the  impn-ssions  whie'h 
show  still  mon-  clearly  that  thee..r.l  was  twistwi.  prove  that  filn-rs.  pn)lmhlv 
veKetahle.  were  spun  (p.  iW,)  and  it  is  possible  that  thev  were  woven  inti> 
dress  fahnes  although  it  s«H,ns  pmMAv  that  the  skins  of  animals  furnish,-.l 
the  material  for  most  of  the  .lothinjf.     Impn^-ions  of  eh.th  show  on  a  pot  ' 
f.)und  in  the  (Jartner  Moun.l.     Fra^'ments  of  churml  fahries  woven  fnm 
veKetai.le  KIht  were  foun.l  at  the  Gartner  site  where  impressions  of  such 
fabrics  app<'ar  upon  almost  every  fragment  of  potterv.-'    (loth  of  own 
twine  weave  was  found  in  the  Adena  Mound.'     Little  was  found  to  imiicat.- 
the  «»stume  worn  here,  there-  In-ing  m  such  find  as  that  of  the  sculptur  > 
human  form  »  use«l  as  a  tubular  pip*-,  found  in  the  .\dena  Mound.  pniUblv 
indicatmK  the  style  of  costume  in  that  region.     We  found  no  mica  here  biit 
that  mineral  used  for  a  hemldress  was  found  by  Mills  in  the  .Vdena  M.iund  • 
The  somewhat  lenticular  piece  of  shell  shown  in  Plate  r.,  Fig.  (i.  with  a  per- 
foration in  each  end.  may  hax.-  Ikh-u  ustn!  as  an  ornament  fa.s'tene<l  on  to 
the  costume  (p.  220). 

The  phalan.x  lH)nes  of  the  deer  and  elk  (Plate  .m.iii,  Figs.  4-7)  mav 
have  l)een  used  for  a  rattling  fringe  »>n  the  costume. 

M(>rc(m„».  Moccasins  were  probably  made  fr.)m  the  skins  of  the  deer 
and  elk  an«l  pos.sibly  some  of  the  other  animals  alwve  mentioned  Tlie 
sculpture  shown  in  Plate  i.n.  Fig.  1.^.  apparently  represents  at  least  one  of 
the  types  of  moccasins  worn  here.  The  turning  up  and  puckering  ..f  the 
toe  IS  shown,  while  the  gathering  of  the  buckskin  over  the  instep  is  at  least 
suggested  by  the  two  concentric  lines  in  that  region.  It  will  be  rememlK-red 
that  certain  tri!)es  of  Indians,  for  instance,  the  Ojibway  of  Michigan,  haxr 
marie  moccasins  in  this  particular  way  down  to  within  a  decade 

Hair  Sprmdrrs.  The  i>one  object  descril»ed  on  p.  20.-,  and  shown  in 
Plate  1.111,  F.g.  :i,  may  have  Innn  used  with  a  short  Imne  tube  as  a  sprearler 
for  reached  hair.  Mills  considers  that  the  larger  double  pointed  awls  ma.le 
of  bone  and  antler  found  on  the  Gartner  site  and  in  graves  may  have  been 
used  as  hair  pins,  since  in  burials  they  were  invariably  foumi  directlv  l,elow 
the  skulls ' 


'  Mills,  (b).  p.  22 
» Mills,  (b).  p.  M 
'Mills,  (a),  p.  II. 
'  Mills,  (a),  p.  2S. 
'Mills.  (8).  p.  II. 
•Mills,  (b).  p.  48. 


J 


216  .l«Mri»/x>/»»ffir»i/  I'ti/trrn  Amrrirfin  Mui-iim  of  Xiiluml  UUUtrv.     (Vol.  VI, 

Comlu.  AlthouKh  we  f«iunil  n«>  ohjwt  certainly  uswil  «h  a  «iml>,  the 
cut  piece  of  antler  nhimn  in  Plate  xxxvi,  Fi^.  -M.  may  Im-  a  frannunt  of 
one.  Two  (-onilv^haiMHl  ohjwfs  '  each  with  six  teeth  ami  nuijle  "f  rih  l>one, 
presumably  of  the  elk.  were  foumi  l»y  Mills,  in  the  Ailena  Mouml  si.le  by 
side  as  if  forming  a  twelve  tooth  c-onih. 

Beaih.  A  small  numlM'r  of  the  Inails are  matle  of  pottery  (Plate  xi.vill, 
Fig.  1).  Tliey  vary  somewhat  in  size,  hut  apimri'ntly  were  inten«letl  to  l»e 
spheriral  in  form.  The\  were  nuxleletl  in  smh  a  way  as  tf»  form  the  \wTio- 
rations,  rather  than  ma«le  hy  |K>rforatinK  the  sphere  of  soft  elay,  or  by 
(IrillinK  after  it  was  fired. 

fylimlriral  «»l>jefts  made  of  seetiims  of  bini  lM>nes  (Plate  xi.viii,  Fips. 
2-11)'  were  probably  usetl  for  lM>ads.  St.me  are  no  lonjter  than  they  are 
thick,  others  are  at  least  four  times  us  lonj:  as  thick.  Especially  iimong 
the  shorter  Inme  Inuds  we  find  the  ends  rounde<l,  apparently  by  wear. 
A  few  like  the  specimen  shown  in  Fi».'.  (»of  this  plate  \wM  incisnl  jfcometric 
•lecorations.  One  has  irrepilar  incisetl  lines  and  Kougefl  h<»les  and  across 
some  of  these  holes  the  surface  has  Imcu  cut  ofT,  leavinR  a  crmcuve  depres- 
sion. Some  of  the  \winh  may  have  formetl  bracelets,  s\ich  as  tlic  one  found 
by  Mills,*  in  tin-  Adena  Mound  where  son>e  were  small  disc-sba{H-d  U-ads' 
niade  of  l)one.  Heads  ma«ic  of  the  win»c  Inmes  of  birds  esp«-<iall\  of  the 
wihl  turkey  were  found  everywhere  in  the  Gartner  site  and  are  assixiated 
with  almost  every  necklace  taken  from  the  gravts.^  Many  \mw  tubes 
made  fn)m  the  winp  Ixines  of  lar>;e  birtls  were  found  in  the  site.' 

Tlie  history  of  manufa«-ture  of  one  of  these  l>one  beads  is  su^rKcsted  by 
some  of  the  sp«'cimens  found  h«-re,  a  few  of  which  are  shown  in  Plate  m.ii, 
Fijjs.  in  17.  Tlu-  first  illustrates  the  natural  tibia  of  a  small  mammal 
representative  of  many  slender  \wiws  of  mammals  and  birds  found  here; 
the  last  illustrates  a  chip|X'd  point  made  of  jasper  such  as  may  have  been 
used  for  cutting'  these  bones  and  is  representative  of  many  such  points 
chip])c.l  from  st«me  found  on  this  farm.  The  siK'cimeH  .shown  in  Fij:.  11 
of  this  plate  is  the  same  as  the  til»ia  at  the  first  of  the  .series  but  the  distal 
end  has  been  cut  off.  The  ne.xt  illustrates  a  piece  of  a  long  Ikiuc,  and  the 
next  the  end  of  the  long  l>one  of  a  quadruped  from  l)Oth  of  which  the  lower 
end  has  l)een  cut  like  the  preceding  bui  these  are  also  incised  around  a  short 
distance  al)ov«>  the  end  in  process  of  rcmo\:n<.'  the  distal  section  for  a  bead. 
Fig.  Vi  shows  the  distal  end  of  a  humenis  and  Fig.  16  that  of  the  nietatar- 


'  Mills,  (a),  p.  24 
!  Mills,  (a),  p.  I.-.. 
'MlUs.  fa!,  u.  20. 
•Mills,  (h).  pp.  17-lS.  .-,0 
•Mills,  (b).  p.  lit. 


1010. 1 


Sitiith,  I'lihiilonr  Ki  iiliuky. 


217 


sua  of  a  (JtHT  from  Uttli  of  wliitli  u  M'itum  pn.lml.l\  for  u  Umi.I  lia.s  iMtn 
cut.  FiK.  14  shows  suth  u  »i<tio»  fiilly  nmovtil.  tliut  is,  u  Ixtici  Hnis|u-«| 
««xtfpt  iH>rfuips  that  th«-  trills  muy  have  Ih-*-!!  tuMm-cI  sm.Kjth  in  some  «a.s«-s 
on  u  Kritst(»ne  or  worn  smooth  hy  actual  us*'.  Tln'  winj;  iKinv  i>f  the  trump- 
eter swan  from  which  the  KH'utcr  part  haii  Imh-u  « iit  awa.\  was  found  in  the 
Gartner  site.' 

Some  of  the  shell  ImjmIs  were  eylimlrieal  (Phitc  xi.viii,  Kius.  I;.'  I8i. 
-V  few  (Plate  xi.viii,  Tig.  14)  were  ilisc-shniHHl  and  some  w.re  nuide  of 
hirKe  pi.ics  of  «HeHn  shell.  .Sonn'tiines,  as  in  the  «ase  of  those  shown  in 
Figs.  19  I'O  and  1'4  of  this  plate,  whole  sIh-IIs  wi-re  us«hI  and  w«re  not  much 
(•hanRtHl  from  the  natural  form.  JKinjf  merely  |M'rforat»-«l  for  susjM'nsion. 
Shell  heads  were  very  abundant  in  the  (lartntr  sit*-,  sometime  seven  to 
eight  hundnfl  hcing  found  with  a  skeleton.  M.)st  of  them  were  made  from 
ocean  shells.-  n«a«ls  made  of  iKcan  shells^  were  also  found  in  the  (Jartn.r 
Mound.  In  the  former  at  least  they  were  fnim  large  shells.  Shell 
beads  were  found  in  the  .\dena  Mound.'  SnudI  iKtan  shells,  natural 
except  pienwl  with  a  hole  for  attachment  (Plate  xi.viii.  Fig.  24)  were 
foumi  here  as  in  the  (Jartner  site."  .\  {x-arl  Ix-ad  (Plate  i,.  Fig.  5)  was 
fouml.     P«-arl  heads  wer«-  also  foun<l  hy  Mills  in  the  .\.lcna  Mound." 

I'l-ndanh.  Pendants  were  ma«le  of  stone,  teeth,  and  shell  ( Plates  xi.viii- 
I.).  The  first  sc\fn  figures  in  Plate  xi.ix  show  the  range  of  forms  of 
ptiiidants  made  of  stone.  These  are  all  of  canal  coal  or  carlM)nifcn)us  shale. 
The  first  is  of  claw  sha|M',  seems  to  he  broken  off  at  the  base,  has  an  incisi..n 
acn>ss  the  upper  surface  near  this  broken  end  and  on  the  reverse  there  is  a 
perforation  In-gun  op|K)site  this  incision.  The  next  is  of  lozenge  shape, 
slightly  convex  on  the  reverse.  This  siM-cimen  has  been  ix-rforatcd  by 
drilling  from  each  si<lc.  The  thir.l  figure  is  perforate*!  transvers«-ly  by  drili- 
ing  from  each  sich-  and  is  somewhat  flattene*!  on  the  reverse.  While  we 
could  hardly  sa.\  that  this  was  shajwd  to  imitate  a  canine  tcioth  the  jH-iid- 
ants  .shown  in  Fig.  4  are  probal)ly  inten.lcfl  to  represent  teeth  or  claws. 
They  were  found  on  th<-  neck  of  skeleton  30  which  suggests  that  they 
formed  part  of  a  necklace.  The  next  two  specimens  somewhat  resemble 
these  while  the  seventh  differs  r)nly  in  that  there  are  small  drilled  pits  on 
the  sides  and  edges.  The  thin  l)one  object  shown  in  the  eighth  figure  which 
has  been  mentioned  on  pp.  209  and  2b-)  may  iK),ssibly  have  been  used  as  a 
pendant.     Pendants  were  sometimes  made  of  the  teeth  of  at  least  three 

'  Mills,  (b),  p.  .50. 
'Mlllx,  'b).  p.  .'-,.-,. 
•Mills,  (b).pp.  14,  17,54. 
'Mill.-,,  (U).  i>.  16. 
•Mills,  (b).  p.  M. 
•Mills,  Itt),  p.  28. 


M 


218 


ArUhroptilogicul  Fapern  American  Muneum  of  Nalunil  Hi*lory.    [Vol.  V'l, 


families  of  small  camivora  (Plate  xlix,  ¥'\^.  9),  the  incisors  of  the  elk 
(Plate  XLix,  Fijj.  10),  ami  the  canines  of  the  wolf  (Plate  xlix,  Fig.  11),  by 
perforating  them  through  the  rocU  for  suspension,  .'y.me  of  the  wolf  tooth 
pendants  l»ear  incised  lines  (Plate  xlix,  Fig.  11;  Plate  liii,  Fig.  5).  Pend- 
ants, each  made  by  perforating  the  canine  tooth  of  a  mountain  lion  were 
found  by  Mills  in  the  Adena  Mound,'  and  as  a  necklace  in  the  Gartner 
Mound.*  Perforated  canine  teeth  of  the  gray  wolf  use<l  on  a  necklace  anfl 
teeth  of  the  dog,  raccoon  and  wild  cat  use<l  for  pendants  were  als«}  found 
in  the  latter.' 

.V  pendant  made  by  p«'rforating  the  root  of  the  canine  t(K)th  of  an  elk 
(Plate  xxxvii.  Fig.  9)  was  found  in  mound  2.  While  canine  teeth  of  the 
elk,  some  perforated  twice,  were  found  in  the  Gartner  site,  they  were  rarely 
found  in  the  graves  of  the  Gartner  Mound.*  Incisors  of  the  elk,  perforated 
or  grooved  were  found  in  the  Gartner  site.*  The  canine  teeth  of  the  black 
bear  perforated  through  the  base  for  suspension  were  frequently  found 
here  in  Kentucky  (Plate  xlix,  Fig.  15).  A  few  were  grooved  instead 
of  being  perforated,  one  of  these  is  shown  in  the  next  figure.  Fig.  17  shows 
a  perforate<l  specimen  which  has  been  flattened  on  one  side.  The  next  is 
flattened  on  the  reverse  while  the  obverse  bears  two  parallel  zigzag  incised 
hiies.  On  the  left  e<lge  near  the  base  is  incised  IIX.  One  old  worn  canine 
tooth  of  a  bear  which  was  found  is  apparently  in  process  of  manufacture 
into  a  pendant  as  a  perforation  is  begun  near  its  base.  Pendants  made  of 
the  canine  teeth  of  the  black  Iwar  perforated  through  the  root  were  found 
in  abundance  in  the  Gartner  site."  Pendants  made  from  the  digits  of  the 
wild  turkey  occur  in  great  numbers  particularly  with  the  burials  in  the  same 
site.^  Tt  is  possible  that  the  perforated  phalanx  Ijones  mentioned  on  p. 
209  (Plate  XLiii,  Figs.  ')-7)  may  have  been  used  for  pendants.  The  claw 
of  an  eagle  l)earing  incisetl  lines,  mentionetl  on  p.  182  (Plate  xvill.  Fig.  T)) 
may  have  been  used  on  a  costume  or  necklace.  Bear  claws  were  found  on 
the  arm  of  a  skeleton  in  the  Adena  Mound." 

Pendants  of  shell  were  numerous  in  the  graves  of  the  Fox  Farm  and 
there  were  several  styles  (Plate  xlix.  Figs.  12-14;  19-25).  The  one 
shown  in  F'ig.  13  may  perhaps  be  considered  as  intended  to  represent  a  claw. 
Figs.  19  and  20  illustrate  pendants  that  are  crescent  shaped.     Crescents 


•Mills,  (a),  p.  24. 

>  Mills,  (b).  pp.  10.  21. 
•Mills,  (b).  pp.  10.  18.  21. 
«MUU.  (b),  pp.  20.  5« 

>  Mills,  (b).  p.  .•>(). 
•Mills.  (bK  p.  .IT. 
'Mills,  (b).  p.  .If). 
•Mills,  (a),  p.  2«. 


1910.1 


Smith,  Prehistoric  Kentucky. 


219 


made  o    nu,s.el  shells  were  found  at  the  neck  of  a  skeleton  in  the  Gartner 
Mound    an<l  a  crescent  made  of  the  outer  whorl  of  an  ocean  shell  was  found 
in  the  same  mound,  while  crescents  made  from  shell  «ere  found  in  the 
village  s.te.-    M.Us  states  that  he  has  not  been  able  to  ascertain  that  they 
have  been  found  m  any  great  numbers  at  any  other  place  in  the  vicinitv 
and  m  three  seasons  work  at  the  Baum  ^•illaKe  he  found  none,  although  all' 
other  ornaments  made  of  shell  common  to  the  Gartner  site  were  found 
The  specimen  shown  in  Fig.  21  is  merely  a  natural  shell  with  a  perforation 
near  the  hinge.     This  perforation  may  have  been  accidentally  made      The 
pendants  shown  in  Figs.  23  and  24  were  perhaps  intended  to  be  of  tooth  or 
claw  .shape.     The  one  shown  in  Fig.  27  is  also  somewhat  tooth-shaped.     The 
nex    figure  illustrates  one  of  claw  shape  with  incised  lines  and  drilled  dots 
while  the  next  has  a  median  longitudinal  incised  line  and  a  transverse  rather 
than  a  vertical  perforation.    Fig.  30  in  this  plate  shows  a  long  tooth-shaped 
pendant  cut  out  of  shell  also  with  a  transverse  perforation.     The  next  ^ 
pendants  are  somewhat  similar  but  with  vertical  perforations.     The  speci- 
mens shown  m  Plate  XLV.n.  Figs.  19-21  may  be  considered  as  pendants 

hn^l.  :  n  1  "^'"^  r  '"'  ''"^'*'^^-  ^'""^'*^  '^^"^  *h^  naturaUorm^; 
from    h        ^''^".^'^'"«  °"'.v  P-'^orated  while  the  next  two  specimens  made 

rom  the  same  kind  of  shell  have  been  cut  out  and  perforated  verticallv 
through  the  upper  end.  Fig.  33  of  Plate  xux  shows  a  pendant  made  of 
a  Busycon  shell  slightly  changed  from  its  natural  form.  It  is  perforat^ 
for  jujpension      The  next  is  grooved  for  suspension  and  most  of  the  whorls 

In  K  '^  n  '"T"'  ""  '^^'  '^'  P""^""*  ^""■''•^t^  "f  »>"t  little  more 
than  the  columella.  The  last  figure  in  this  plate  shows  a  spoon-sha^ 
pendant  made  of  thin  shell  perforated  at  the  narrow  end.  PenTnts  m^ 
^om  large  ocean  shells  and  of  long  strips  or  triangles,  cut  out  of  Mh  fresh 
.at  r  and  oc-ean  she  Is  but  mostly  from  fresh  water  mus.sel  shells  were  fou'd 
m  the  Gartner  site.' 

The  slate  gorget  (Plate  l,  Fig.  1)  mentioned  on  p.  212  mav  have  been  a 
personal  ornament  rather  than  a  religious  object.  The  next 'specimen  i"  a 
stone  disc  perforata!  at  one  e<lge  and  partly  perforated  from  each  side  at 

vMv  p"""  n""'  ^^'  P''^"™'*^'  ^*""^  '^^^'  •"^'"tioned  on  p.  210  fPlate 
X  u.  F.g.  4)  may  have  been  u.sed  for  objects  of  personal  adonunnt 
and  his  seem.s  even  more  likely  of  the  perforated  discs  Lie  from  potsherds' 
(Pate  xun.  Fig.  1,  .  Probably  those  made  of  shell  (Plate  i^Figs  t 
9-1 1 .13)  were  sc,  used  as  they  are  small  and  decorative.  The  one  .shown  in 
Fig.  5  has  not<W  scalps  around  the  clge.  bears  an  incised  cirde  and 

•Mills,  (b),  p.  14 
'Mills,  (b).  p.  54 
'MIIU.  (b),  pp.  54.  .-.5. 


220  AnlhroiM)logiml  Pajxrn  Amtrican  Museum  of  \tilur<d  HiMory.     [Vol.  VI, 

radiating  lines,  and  a  pearl  l)ea<l  is  stuck  to  it  apparently  by  the  deconi- 
pose<l  material  of  the  surface  of  the  shell.  It  was  found  near  the  clavicle 
of  skeleton  92  in  mound  2  and  had  perhaps  Ijeen  fastened  to  some  ganiient 
hy  a  string  or  thread  passing  through  the  perforation  and  the  head  and  then 
hack  again  through  the  hole  in  the  disc.  .\  small  shell  gorget  set  with  a 
fresh  water  pearl  was  found  in  the  (Partner  M«)un<l.'  The  specimen  shown 
in  Fig.  7  has  only  one  perforation.  It  was  found  on  the  right  arm  of  skele- 
ton (50  in  mound  2.  The  elliptical  shell  object  shown  in  Fig.  (i  has  two 
perforations,  one  at  each  fcx-i.  These  were  apparently  drille«l  from  each 
side.  It  may  have  been  fastened  to  a  gannent.  The  one  shown  in  Fig.  8 
has  notches  around  the  edge  and  two  holes.  These  were  apparently  drilleil 
only  from  one  side  and  are  broken  out  on  the  other.  The  thin  circular 
concavo-convex  shell  objects  shown  in  Figs.  3  and  4  of  this  plate  each  have 
two  perforations.  ()n  the  concave  surface  the  former  has  five  drilled  pits; 
the  latter  incised  lines.  Small  circular  gorgets,  some  made  of  fresh  water 
mussels  and  some  of  ocean  shells  but  identical  in  form  with  two  holes  in  the 
edge  and  one  on  the  middle,  two  probably  for  suspension,  the  other  for  the 
reception  of  a  pearl  were  found  in  the  Gartner  site.*  The  specimens  shown 
in  Figs.  12,  14,  and  15  of  the  same  plate  are  somewhat  the  same  in  style, 
each  having  two  perforations,  but  are  much  larger.  The  first  is  made  of  the 
large  end  of  a  busycon  shell  and  was  found  at  the  head  of  skeleton  98  in 
mound  2.  This  is  the  only  shell  disc  with  two  perforations  at  the  e<lge  and 
one  large  one  in  the  center  found  by  us,  but  it  will  be  remembered  that  such 
specimens  were  frequently  found  in  the  Gartner  Mound.'  One  of  these  is 
four  inches  in  diameter,  was  made  of  conch  shell  and  the  central  perforation 
is  about  half  an  inch  in  diameter.  Many  of  them  were  made  of  mussel  shells.^ 
The  next  specimen  shown.  Fig.  14,  is  concavo-convex  and  was  found  at  the 
chest  of  skeleton  155  in  mound  (».  The  last  is  somewhat  of  pear  shape,  also 
concavo-convex  and  was  found  at  the  neck  of  skeleton  144  in  mound  H. 
These  remind  us  of  the  shell  discs  engrave<l  with  such  conventional  figures 
as  those  of  the  rattlesnake,  spider,  and  human  form  in  the  act  of  throwing 
the  discs  found  in  other  parts  of  the  United  States,  including  Illinois, 
Kentucky,*  Tennessee,  GtH>rgia,  Missouri,  and  also  in  Mexico.  Gorgets 
made  from  large  ocean  shells  wt're  founrl  in  the  Gartner  site  and  Mills  states 
that  he  found  gorgets  in  the  .\<lena  Mound.*    Some  of  the  objects  here 


I  MIIU.   lb),  p.  R. 
>  Mills    (h),  p.  .'i4. 
'Mills,  (b).  pp.  «.  23. 
'Mills,  vh),  p.  IN. 
■'HHlmes,  (a),  p.  97; 


(c).  Plates  LXI-I.XVI:    l,.\XI-I.XXV. 


•Mills,  (b).  p.  .'>4:   (a),  pp.  14.  is. 


1910.1 


Smith,  I'nhitlorir  Kmliu-kij. 


221 


ornaments,  or  Im-iuIs  may  have  serveil  as  bait  in 


i'onsidenil  as  jx-ndant^ 
Kshing  (p.  ISS). 

MmrUmiroux  Ormmndx.     The  fragments  of  ,K>tterN-  ol.jtvts  of  spuol 
shape,  shown  in  Phite  li.  FiRs.   1-2,  resemble  tlie  eopper  ear  ornaments 
eomnion  in  Southern  Ohio.     Kar  ornaments  were  prol)abIv  worn  in    the 
viemity  of  the  Ailena  Mound  as  they  are  imlieate.!  .>n  the  seulptured  human 
form  u.se«l  as  a  tubular  pip<.  f„„n.l  by  Mills  and  as  spool-shape<l  eopper 
objeets  „f  snnilar  shape  are  fre(,uently  found  in  ,>ther  parts  of  the  Seiot.. 
A  alley."     The  antler.   lK>ne.  and    shell    oylimlers   shown    in   Plates  XLin, 
IMJCS.  \  -'V,    LI.  Fijr.  I'l;    I.,  Pis.  Hi,  may  have  l)een  ear  or  nose  ornaments 
or  made  into  ehest  shields  of  the  form  made  up  of  long  biconieal  shell  tubes 
sueh  as  have  recently  been  used  by  the  Dakota  Indians.     Necklaces  were 
probably  made  here  of  bone  and  shell  beads  with  pendants  of  canine  teeth 
»ind  mcisors  of  the  elk  as  all  these  objects  were  found  here  and  such   neck- 
laces were  found  in  the  (iartner  site.-!     Part  of  the  jaw  of  a  bear,  cut  off 
through  the  roots  of  the  teeth  (Plate  u.  Fig.  7)  was  foun.l  near  the  legs 
of  keleton  ttl  m  mound  2  and  another  (Plate  u.  Fig.  8)  was  fo.md  near  the 
skull  of   the  same  skeleton.     Cut  bear   teeth  were  found  in  the  Gartner 
mound.'    The  cut  left  ramus  of   the  deer  which  Mills  believes  to  be  an 
ornament   m   process  of  manufacture  but  which  mav  have  l)een  a  corn 
scraper  found  in  the  Gartner  site  and  cut  jaws  of  the  gn  ,  wolf,  which  he 
believed  were  also  used  as  ornaments  were  found  throughout  that  site  but 
not  m  the  graves.     The  cut  ramus  of  a  wild  cat  was  also  found  there.     The 
cut  skull  of  a  dog  with  the  top  and  jaws  notched  possiblv  to  fasten  them 
tr)gether  was  found  in  the  Gartner  site  but  none  were  found  in  the  graves 
A  cut  skull  of  a  mink  with  the  top  „f  the  skull  ami  jaws  notche.1  possiblv  to 
fasten  them  together  was  found  in  the  Gartner  village  site.     Such  cut  skulls 
were  not  found  in  the  graves.* 

No  copper  bracelets  were  recognimi  here  although  some  of  the  beads 
may  have  been  strung  as  bracelets  and  it  will  be  remembered  that  Mills 
secured  copper  bracelets^  in  the  Aflena  Moun.l  and  with  an  adult  male 
skeleton  m  the  same  mound  a  bracelet  made  of  bone  beads  was  f.»und  « 
No  ftnger  nngs  were  found  here  but  copper  rings  were  found  bv  Mills  in 
the  Adena  Moun.l.'  Double  pointed  objects  consi.lere<l  bv  Mills  as  pins 
were  foun.l  in  the  Gartner  .site.* 


'  Millx.  (a),  r).  2S. 

-  Mills,  (h).  p.  .5(1. 

'Mlllx   (b>.p.  17. 

•Mills,  !h-.,  ,,  .■«;     ip),|,.  78. 

■^  Mills,  (a),  pp.  10,  13. 

"Mills,  (a),  p.  1.5. 

'MIIIk.  (a),  p.  II. 

'Mills,  (1)),  p.  48. 


222  Anthropological  Papers  American  Museum  of  Xatural  Hiatory.     (Vol.  \'I, 


Art. 

The  {graphic  and  plastic-  art  of  the  prehistoric  people  of  the  Fox  Farm  is 
illustrated  by  many  objects  (Plates  lii-liv),  some  of  stone,  bone,  shell  and 
pottery,  and  consists  of  engraving,  notching,  modeling,  impressing,  sculp- 
turing, and  painting. 

There  are  many  engravings  on  stone  (Plate  lii.  Figs.  1-13)  One  speci- 
men of  yellowish  gra\'  sandstone  bears  parallel  incisions  on  one  side  and  two 
sets  of  such  incisions  form  diamond-shaped  hachure  on  the  other.  Incised 
lines  occur  on  a  platform  pipe  of  greenish  argillite  found  in  the  Gartner 
site  '  and  on  a  stone  pipe  found  in  the  Mound.*  A  few  of  the  bone  objects 
(Plate  Liii,  Fig.  2),  several  teeth  (Plate  xux.  Fig.  18;  Plate  Liii,  Figs.  5-7), 
and  shell  pen<lants  (Plate  Liii,  Figs.  9-10)  were  engraved.  Incised  lines 
cut  crosswi.se  ornamented  the  concave  surface  of  che  canine  teeth  of  the 
gray  wolf  and  mountain  lion  in  the  Gartner  ^if.und.'  Engraving  upon 
pottery  (Plates  lvii-lix)  was  apparently  done  before  firing.  The  handles 
of  the  larger  vessels  at  the  Gartner  village  site  were  invariably  ornamented 
with  inci.sed  lines.'*  Notching  on  some  of  the  stone  objects  (Plate  lii. 
Fig.  7;  Plate  xxxvii.  Fig.  2),  Imne  awls  (Plate  xxxiv.  Figs.  4,  7;  Plate  liii. 
Fig.  1),  and  shell  objects  (Plate  l.  Figs.  5,  S;  Plate  liii.  Fig.  8)  may  have 
been  done  for  aesthetic  reasons.  Notches  ornament  some  of  the  awls 
made  from  the  tarsometatarsus  of  the  wild  turkey  found  in  the  Gartner 
site.*  In  this  class  may  l)e  mentioned  the  pits  drilled  in  the  perforated 
stone  discs  (Plate  lii.  Figs  .3-6),  pits  in  the  claw-shaped  stone  pendant 
(Plate  XLix.  Fig.  7),  in  a  spatulate  bone  object  (Plate  liii.  Fig.  4),  in  a  shell 
pendant  which  is  also  of  claw  shape  (Plate  liii.  Fig.  10),  and  the  drilled 
holes  through  the  pendant  made  of  bone  (Plate  Llli,  Fig.  3).  Impressions 
of  finger  tips  and  nails  (Plate  LV,  Figs.  1-9)  and  of  paddles  carved  or  wrapped 
with  corfl  or  netting  (Plate  xxv.  Figs.  2,  3,  6),  impressions  of  what  appears 
to  be  a  pit  (Plate  LV,  Fig.  II),  and  modeled  lines  (Plate  LVi,  Figs.  8-10) 
were  all  made  on  pi)ttery  before  firing,  as  were  the  modeled  points  regularly 
arranged  (Plate  Lvi,  Figs.  3,  4,  7;  Plate  Liv,  Fig.  1),  pressed  notches  (Plate 
LVI.  Figs.  1-2),  and  ridges  incised  (Plate  lvi.  Figs.  5-6)  and  a  knob  with 
central  depression  (Plate  liv,  Fig.  1).  The  impressions  of  carved  and  cord 
and  netting  wrapped  paddles  upon  pottery  were  probably  incidental  to 
manufacture  or  to  roughen  the  surface  for  practical  reasons  rather  tlian 


I  Miils.  (b),  p.  m. 

»  Mills,  (b),  p.  18. 

'  Mills,  (b!.  p.  21. 

<  Mills,  (b).  p.  M\. 

>  Mills,  (b),  p.  47. 


1910.1 


Smith,  PnhiKloric.  Kentucky. 


21'3 


intendeil  to  heautify  the  pottery  althougli  the  hitter  purpose  may  have  Ihh-ii 
partly  or  wholly  in  the  mind  of  the  maker.  Dots  were  peeked  info  the  soft 
Hay  of  the  fiehl  hearing  the  senlptnre  of  an  animal  (Plate  Liv.  Fig.  0)  and 
into  the  animal's  hack,  as  well  as  to  indicate  its  eyes,  hefore  the  day  was 
fired  for  pottery.  Decorations  consisting  of  indentations  of  a  iihint  tool 
and  others  made  with  a  reed  or  hollow  instrument  were  seen  on  the  ordi- 
nary potsherds  and  invariahly  on  the  handles  of  the  larger  vessels  fo.md  at 
the  Gartner  village  site.' 

A  piece  of  yellowish  sandstone  bearing  grooves  on  th  •  reverse  was  sculp- 
tured to  represent  the  human  face  (Plate  ui,  Fig.  14)  and  another  piece 
(Plate  Lii,  Fig.  15)  represents  a  mcKcasin  (p.  213).  We  found  no  .sculpture.! 
pieces  of  hone  and  shell,  but  a  sculptured  fox  head  forming  the  basal  en.l 
of  a  large  awl  was  found  in  the  Gartner  Mound «  and  a  sculptured  figure 
of  a  raccoon  made  of  shell  was  found  in  the  Adena  Mound.^  Modele<l  ani- 
mal forms  and  handles  on  pottery  (Plate  liv,  Figs.  3-10,  Plates  xxvi- 
XXX)  especially  the  latter  were  common.  Figs.  3  to  7  in  Plate  liv  apparently 
represent  duck  heads  and  were  all  broken  from  the  edges  of  dishes.  The 
next  specimen  is  a  crude  representation  of  the  human  face  on  a  pot  lug  and 
another  such  lug  was  found  in  the  general  diggings  of  motmd  1.  A  sculp- 
tured human  form  made  of  clay  and  used  as  a  tubular  pipe  was  found  by 
Mills  in  the  Adena  Mound.*  Fig.  9  of  the  same  plate  apparently  represents 
a  lizard.  The  effigy  of  a  lizard,  according  to  Mills,  decorated'  a  pt)tsherd 
found  in  the  Gartner  village  site.^  The  next  fragment  apparentiv  repre- 
sents the  head  and  back  of  a  fish. 

A  single  example  of  line  painting  was  found  on  a  fragment  of  pottery 
(Plate  LIV,  Fig.  11).  It  is  dark  red  in  color  and  of  crude  technique.  Some 
of  the  human  bones  in  the  Adena  Mound  of  Ohio  were  painted  red  according 
to  Mills.'  The  shear  form  of  one  of  the  pipes  (Plate  liv,  Fig.  12)  and  of 
some  of  the  pottery  vessels  as  indicated  by  fragments,  is  of  a  rather  artistic 
nature. 

There  are  realistic  representations,  con\entionalized  figures,  picto- 
graphic  markings,  and  geometric  patterns,  some  of  the  last  of  which 
may  be  merely  decorative  and  not  at  all  representative.  Of  realistic  art 
the  engraved  animal  forms  (Plate  lit.  Figs.  8, 9;  Fig  Ic),  incised  human  faces 
(Plate  UI,  Figs.  10-12),  sculptured  face  (Plate  lii.  Fig.  14),  incised  human 
form  (Plate  lii.  Fig.  13),  and  sculptured  foot  (Plate  lii.  Fig.  15)  are  all  in 


'  Mills,  (b),  p  36. 
«  Mills,  (a),  p.  27. 

•  MlllD.  (b),  p.  16. 
«  Mllto,  (a),  p.  28. 
'  MUU.  (b).  p.  36. 

•  Mills,  (a),  p.  22. 


224 


AiilhroiMtlogiml  I'li/ifni  Amrrimn  Stiuteiun  of  Xnliinil  llixlory.     [Vol.  \I. 


stont-  uihI  the  «lu(k  or  l»ir«l  hejwis  (Plate  i.iv,  FIks.  :1  7),  the  human  faces 
on  pot  hijps  (Plate  uv,  Vig.  S),  li^anl  (Plate  u\,  Vin.  {)),  ami  fish  (Plate  liv, 
Fig.  10)  are  in  |)otter.\ .  Some  of  these  may  also  l>e  considered  as  conven- 
tional. Of  pictographi<-  markings  there  are  the  incised  animal  forms  and 
scratches  An  stone  (Plate  lii.  Kip.  8).  AnKmjt  jteometric  forms  there  are 
the  incise«l  lines  and  lines  arranged  with  dots  on  the  stone  discs  (Plate  Ul, 


FlK. 


Dfwlnns  on  CVrtaln  Stone  and  Pottfry  Olijwts.      J  nat.  «lzo. 


Fijts.  4-(i),  and  the  incised  designs  (Plates  iaii-ijx),  the  regularly  arrange*! 
nipples  (Plate  lAi.  Figs.  li~4,  7;  Plate  i.iv.  Fig.  1),  pressed  notches  (Plate 
LVi,  Figs.  1-2).  and  notches  incised  in  ridges  (Plate  LVi,  Figs.  5-7)  all  on 
the  pottery  as  well  as  impres.setl  clepressions  (Plate  i.v)  and  .scrolls  (Plate 
lAi,  Figs.  S-IO)  on  the  same  material.  Incised  lines  in  the  form  of  a  scroll 
decorateil  and  encircled  the  upp<T  portion  of  the  howl  of  a  pot  found  in 


VI, 


liUO.l 


SniUfi,  I'rrhintoric  Krntucky. 


225 


ttcen 
Liv, 
ken- 
uml 
are 
LII, 


the  Gartner  Mound.'  Below  the  sitoII  are  two  ineisetl  lint's  ninninf;  antnnd 
the  vessel.  The  incised  XIII  X  an«l  I IX 11  on  pendants  made  of  the  canine 
teeth  of  the  wolf  and  IIIXIII  on  the  canine  t«Joth  of  a  U-ar  (Plate  1.111. 
Fijfs.  5-7)  found  on  the  Fox  Farm  may  also  Ik-  considered  as  geometric. 
Whether  the  Kt'onietric  designs  on  .some  of  the  stone  di.scs  (Plate  Lii, 
Fijjs.  4-<))  and  realistic  pictographs  (Plate  ui,  Fijj.  9)  were  used  fi»r  decora- 
tive or  for  syinlwlic  purp«ises  or  Iwth  is  conjectural.  The  animal  figures 
scratched  on  stone  (Plate  l.ii,  Figs.  S,  »)  ami  mtxleled  in  pottery  (Plate 
i.iv.  Fifts  ;i-l())  may  represent  the  manitous  of  the  maker  or  owner  (p.  211 ). 
The  technique  of  some  f)f  the  incised  K»)nietric  designs  on  st«me  (Plate 
LII.  Figs.  ;•)-()),  Imne  (Plate  i.iii,  Fig.  4),  and  shell  (Plate  Llll.  Figs.  9-10) 
es[}ecially  on  the  stt)ne  ohjerts.  is  g<KKl.  Some  of  the  geometric  designs 
on  stone  (Figs,  la,  Ih)  and  nuNJeled  in  pottery  are  of  excellent  patterns 
(Fig.  Id-g)  hut  the  execution  is  crude;  that  of  the  realistic  pictographic 
sketches  incised  on  stone  Plate  ui,  Figs.  8-9  and  Fig.  Ic)  is  inferior  to 
the  geometric  designs  (Plate  ui.  Figs.  4-<J).  The  mo<leled  animal  heads 
(Plate  LIV,  Figs.  3-S)  are  crude.  It  will  he  rrmeml)ered  that  shell  discs 
much  more  artistically  and  elalmrately  carved  than  anything  .seen  by  us 
from  the  Fox  Farm  have  lieen  found  in  this  general  region  (p.  220) 

In  art  and  technique  the  material  found  here  is  practically  identical 
with  that  collectetl  from  the  Madisonville  Prehistoric  C'emeitry  of  Ohio, 
hy  Prof.  Frederick  W.  Putnam,  Dr.  Charles  L.  Metz,  Prof.  M.  H.  Saville, 
myself,  an«l  others  who  have  explored  there  in  later  years,  as  it  is  with  that 
from  the  village  sites  of  Fort  Ancient,  Oregonia,  the  Adena  Mound,  the 
Gartner  village  site  and  Mound,  the  Baum  Prehistoric  village  site  and  the 
Roliert  Harness  Mound  all  als«)  of  Ohio.  In  the  Robert  Harness  Mound, 
however.  Mills  also  found  intmsive  material  of  the  Hope  .v<  II  culture  and 
the  Edwin  Harness  group  was  of  the  Hopewell  Culture.' 


lNjrRIE.S    AND    DiHEASEH. 


fe<l 
tttc 
on 
ttte 
•oil 
in 


1 


Many  of  the  skeletons  show  that  the  people  suffered  from  injuries  such 
as  wounds  and  fractures  as  well  as  exceedingly  from  one  or  more  painful 
l)one  diseases. 

Scalp  Cuts.  A  skull  found  in  grave  195  liears  a  line  of  short  and  more 
or  less  parallel  cuts  across  the  frontal  and  right  parietal.  These  may  have 
l)een  caused  by  .scalping  after,  or  immediately  before  death,  at  least  the 

«  M«ls,  {b).p.  22. 
«  MHb.  (d),  p.  83. 


226  A,Uhrop,Aoaical  Papem  American  Miisenni  of  \„i„ml  History.     1\  ol.  \l, 

indivWual  did  not  live  long  enough  for  pereeptibi,-  inflammation  or  repair 
of  the  l»one  to  take  plare. 

Arrow  n'omuh.  Examples  of  am>w  wounds  were  found.  Two  lum- 
bar xertebrae  from  skeleton  17<J  each  show  a  wound  tause«l  hv  a  slender 
arrow  point  chipped  out  of  chert  the  broken  tip  of  which  was  found  lietwcen 
them.  The  heel  l>one  of  skeleton  132  has  iml)edded  in  it  a  fragment  (.f  a 
slender  arrow  point  chipped  out  of  chert.  The  arrow  point  had  l)een  shot 
m  from  the  rear  and  broken  off  so  that  the  projecting  part  was  not  discoN-- 
ered  until  the  bone  was  washed. 

Fractures.  A  unique  example  of  the  fracture  and  repair  of  the  middle 
of  the  shaft  of  the  left  ulna  and  a  new  joint  formation  between  the  head  of 
the  radius  and  the  distal  end  of  the  humerus  was  found  in  skeleton  185, 
probably  of  an  adult,  and  has  been  described  by  Hrdlii'ka.i  The  hook«i 
proximal  end  of  the  ulna  probably  held  that  bone  in  place  at  the  elliow  and 
caused  it  to  break  when  it  received  the  injury  that  brought  al)out  this 
condition,  while  the  head  of  the  radius  l>eing  more  easily  dislocatetl  was  torn 
out  of  position  and  consequently  the  shaft  was  not  broken.  As  repair  took 
place,  the  proximity  of  the  fractured  t  ninal  segment  of  the  ulna  to  the 
adjacent  portion  of  the  radius  which  was  prol>ably  injured  by  it,  caused  the 
union  of  the  broken  parts  of  the  ulna  and  a  bridge  connecting  this  junction 
with  the  adjacent  part  of  the  radius.  This  would  prevent  the  turning  of 
the  left  foreanri. 

A  new  free  joint-formation  took  place  between  the  head  of  the  dislocated 
radius  and  a  bony  process  probably  an  ossified  attachment  projecting  from 
above  the  articular  suilace  of  the  distal  end  of  the  apparently  normal  and 
unmjured  humerus.     The  process  ends  in  an  articular  socket.     Its  distal 
two  thirds  are  free  from  the  humerus.     Hrdlifka  states  that  the  process  no 
doubt  was  covered  with  synovium.    The  head  of  the  radius  underwent  no 
change  unless  it  may  have  been  a  very  slight  lengthening.    This  supports 
the  probability  that  the  bones  at  the  time  of  fracture  and  dislocation  were 
those  of  a  fully  developed  adult.     The  cause  of  the  new  process  was  prob- 
ably a  moderate  injury  either  to  the  ligaments  or  the  periosteum  of  the 
distal  end  of  the  humenis.     This  could  only  have  taken  place  while  the 
elbow  was  held  comparatively  motionless  and   resulted  in  the  practical 
immobility  of  the  elbow  joint.     HrdliCka  states  that  such  formations  are 
extremely  rare  in  man  and  that  he  has  been  unable  to  find  a  similar  case 
described.     Regeneration  of  bone,  to  which  the  process  is  related,  is  much 
more  fi  xiuent  in  lower  animals  than  in  man.    Another  example  of  repaired 
fractur-  may  be  seen  in  the  right  clavicle  of  skeleton  132  found  in  mound  3. 


>  Urdticka,  p.  560. 


1910] 


Smith,  I'rehinloric  Ktntwky. 


227 


0 
3 
9 
7 
16 


0 
15 

27  + 
31  +  % 


/() 


T)isea>,ed  I„dmduah.  Xinety-nine  wdl-preserved  and  nearly  complete 
skeletons  out  of  those  found  in  the  two  hundretl  and  eight  graves  explore.1 
were  selecteil  for  examination  with..ut  reganl  for  their  normal  or  pathologi- 
cal character.  Tlie  missing  bones  of  incomplete  skeletons  might  or  might 
not  l,e  pathological  and  consec|uently  incomplete  skeletons  were  not  uscl 
m  obtaming  the  following  results: 

'9  or  19  +  f'/i  of  the  99  were  pathological. 

24  children  were  pathological. 
20  youths  were  pathological. 
33  men  were  pathological. 
22  women  were  pathological. 
29      %   "   "    55  adults  were  pathological. 

Bones  DUea^ed.    The  portion  of  the  Innly  most  affected  is  indicated  by 
the  followmg  table:  '' 

Out  of  20  pathological  individuals  the  skull  in  4  or  20^  of  the  cases 

was  pathological. 
An  arm  bone  in  9  or  45%  of  the  cases  was  pathological. 
The  humerus  in  5  or  2.'>%  of  the  cases  was  pathological. 
The  lower  arm  in  4  or  20%  of  the  cases  was  pathological 
A  leg  bone  or  bones  in  12  or  00%  of  the  cases  was  pathological 
The  femur  in  4  or  20%  of  the  cases  was  pathological. 
The  lower  leg  in  11  or  55%  of  the  cases  was  pathological. 
A  vertebrae  in  6  or  30%  of  the  cases  was  pathological. 

h„/tw  !l!''  ;*  ''  T"  *^"*  '^^  pathological  condition  is  widely  distribute.1 
but  that  the  lower  leg  presents  the  most  frequent  and  extensive  cases. 

U  .•  1^'  *!f 7      rVf.  *^'  P**h°'°*^^«l  ^^^  i"  the  bodies  of  the  individuals 
IS  mdicated  by  the  following  statement: 

Out  of  twenty  individuals,  all  pathological. 

9  or  45%  were  affected  in  one  region  of  the  bodv  onlv 

6  or  30^^     ''  "        "two  regions  of  the  body  only. 

2  or  10%     "  "         "  three  regions  of  the  body  only 

2°"'1?%     "  '[        "  four  regions  of  the  body  only. 

lor    5%     "  "        "five   regions   of   the   bodv  onlv.    Not 

T£^n  *^'"*'  **•"  """"'  '^'''"''^  '"  '^'  ^'^'•^^^rae  only,  out 


5  or  30%  were  affected  in  one  region  of  the  body  only. 

6  or  36%     "  "       "  two  regions  of  the  body  onlv. 

T        fi<v     ..  four  regions  of  the  body  only. 

1  or    6%  .  '  "       "  five  regions  of  the  body  only. 


22S 


Anlhro/ktlnffirtil  I'ltftrrK  Amrrirnu  Munrum  of  Xnlurnl  IliMory.     [Vol.  \l, 


Kmm  X\\\s  it  is  s«>t>n  that  the  nunilM*r  of  in<iivi*iual.s  huvint;  thf  patho- 
logical (-niHlition  varifs  inversely  with  the  numlier  of  regionH  affeete«l,  and 
siiKKests  that  as  the  condition  l»ecanie  intensified  it  spread  to  various  fjarts 
of  the  IkmIv. 

Iilrntifiration  of  UUeajir.  The  identification  of  the  disease,  or  diseases, 
which  caiiHcil  these  lesions  of  the  luine  have  not  In-en  made,  although  the 
lK»nes  have  l)een  examined  by  a  numU-r  of  medical  men.  I)r.  T.  Mitchell 
Prudden  among  others  who  examined  theni  informed  me  that  attempts 
at  identification  from  such  liones  are  very  unsatisfactory.  It  ha.s  i>een  sug- 
gested that  these  lesions  may  Im»  tuliercular,  rheumatic,  or  syphilitic  hut, 
in  an  endeavor  t«)  ascertain  if  they  might  not  l)e  due  to  some  other  cause, 
suggeste<l  by  Dr.  Prudden,  I  nmde  an  approximate  identification  of  the  sex 
of  each  pathological  skeleton,  and  allowing  for  error,  found  that  apparentlx' 
nearly  equal  numl)ers  of  males  and  females  were  affected  with  an  approxi- 
mately equal  distribution  over  the  body.  As  it  .seems  likely  that  the  males 
would  receive  more  wounds,  especially  in  battle,  than  the  females,  this 
seems  to  suggest  that  the  condition  was  not  caused  by  neglected  wounds 
but  rather  by  some  disease  such  as  one  or  more  of  those  previously  men- 
tioned. Thus  no  relation  lietween  sex  and  pathological  condition  was 
found,  similar  Imnes  in  each  l>eing  afTecte<l  with  aimut  equal  severity  and 
frequency. 

iMngrritii.  The  ages  of  the  individuals  at  the  time  of  death  varietl  from 
infancy  to  old  age.  There  were  found  many  skeletons  of  infants.  Among 
the  well-preserved  skeletons,  which  of  course  may  not  indicate  the  exact 
normal  number  of  deaths  because  skeletons  of  certain  ages  may  resist 
decomposition  lonp  ^  than  others,  be  buried  under  conditions  bringing 
alMiut  the  same  r  t  or  precluding  our  finding  a  normal  proportion  of 
them,  it  may  lie  c  •  ,  that  the  distribution  of  deaths  in  ninety-nine  carefully 
selected  cases  was  iwenty-four  children,  twenty  youths,  and  fifty-five  adults 
(thirty-three  men  and  twenty-two  women). 


Mkthod  or  Burial. 


Mound.H.  The  dea<l  were  «leposite<l  in  the  ground  in  graves  many  of 
which  were  grouped,  each  group  Wing  covered  by  a  low  dome-siiape*! 
mound,  one  of  which  is  shown  in  Plate  xl.  Fig.  1.  The  graves  were  often 
close  to  each  other.  Plate  Lxi  shows  their  relative  distribution  in  the 
mounds,  while  in  Fig.  2  of  this  plate  it  may  be  seen  that  they  were  at  various 
depths.     Other  graves  were  found  near  these  mounds  and  it  is  quite  pos- 


lUIO.I 


.S//i(//),   I'rihiftorir   Kiiilnrkii 


•»•'•> 

••^•' 


Hihlf  that  thf\  w 


•  n-  ill  iiioHiiils.  InriK  sinif  nHiiiccil  hv 


iiHin.v  SA-ars  of  culti- 


I 


vation.     Sk.l.ti.iis  wit.-  foiimi  at  variniw  d.-pths  in  the  A.Unli  Moiinil  un.l 

rude  MpiililuTs  iiia<l«>  of  unhewn  Iok^*  ww  iiuiirMt<-<l  hy  molds  in  the  soil.' 

(•Hlnn«Hl  liiitiuin  JK.nes  foiiiui  in  that  mound  were  interpnted  l.v  Mills  as 

proof  that   the  IkmIv  had   lun-n  .reniatwl.'^     He  alsi»  states   that   the  .s.>il 

from  whi<li  the  (Jartiier  Mouml  of  Ohio  was  made  had  evidentiv  U^n  <„|. 

leet^l  rnmi  the  vill«Ke  site  and  that  in  every  |K)rtion  of  the  mound  various 

imphiiients  ami  ornaments  wen*  foumi  interniinnieil  with  the  s«)il.'    (),„. 

Inirial  there  was  .-.msiden-.!  intrusiv«-  hut  the  burials  in  two  settioiis  were  in 

every  iM)rti()n  and  even  Ik-Iow  the  Iwse  while  in  one  se«tion  the  ImhUw  had 

iKH-n  eremat^l  and  the  ashes.  p,.rsonal  WlonKinKs.  and  unhurnwl  animal 

Inmes  had  l>een  dep<.site<l  upon  a  level  day  flo<.r.«     The  majoritv  .,f  the 

dea«l  at   the  (iartner  site  were  crematetl  and  plaml   in  the  mouml.     No 

ereniated  remains  «.r  evidene.-.  of  eremation  were  foumi  outside  the  mound.' 

"Minrx."     Near  the  renter  of  mound  1  was  a  .so-calle«l  "altar"  eon- 

sistinp  of  a  saueer^haped  hollow  alwnit  eiKhtwn  inches  in  diameter  in  the 

flay  fl.K.r  «,f  the  mouml  (Plate  lx,  Fi^.  2).     The  flfM>r  was  hurn«l  to  the 

consistency  of  soft  hriek  for  .some  distance  around  the  hasin  which  was 

filled  with  ashes.     A  similar  "  altar  "  was  foumI  in  the  camp  trench. 

Grarrs.     Some  of  the  skeletons  Iwth  in  and  out  of  the  mounds  were 
simply  in  the  pround  covered  with  refuse  and  soil  (Plate  i.xi,  Fijr.  1).  others 
had  limestone  slabs  laid  crosswise  over  them  at  a  distance  aNera^injt  per- 
haps  one  foot  above  the  skeleton  and  one  foot  l)elow  the  surface  of  the  soil 
(Plate    I.XH.  Fig.  1).  except    in  the  mounds,  where  the  depth  was   often 
RTeater  (Plate   lxi,  Fig.  2).     Still  other  skeletons   in   addition  to  having 
these  flat  covering  slabs  had  slabs  along  the  sides  and  ends  (Plate  lxui 
Jig.  1)  and  one  skeleton  (Plate  LXlii.  Fig.  2)  also  had  a  pavement  of  these 
stones  below  it.     In  some  cases  where  there  were  side  and  end  stones,  there 
were  no  covering  slal^,.  but  this  was  probably  due  to  the  fact  that  plowing 
had  disturbed  them.     A  grave  with  stone  slabs  at  the  head  and  foot  sup- 
porting a  longitudinal  cover  of  logs  indicated  by  molds  in  the  soil  was  found 
by  Mills  in  the  Adena  Momul.     A  layer  of  bark  was  found  covering  the 
iKjttom  ,if  a  grave  in  the  same  mound  and  bark  was  found  covering  some 
of  the  burials.*    Burials  of  the  Gartner  village  were  similar  in  everv  re- 
spect to  those  of  the  Baum  site.     Each  family  apparentlv  had  its"  own 
buna!   place  near  its  home.^ 


'  Mills,  fa),  pp.  7.  20. 
'Mills,  (a),  p.  2.5. 
'  MIUs.  fb),  p.  a. 
'  Mills,  lb),  pp.  «.  10. 
»MUl8.  (b).  p.  62. 
•Mills,  (a),  pp.  16.  21. 
'Mills,  (h).  p.  60. 


Anlkrop,Uoihrt,l  I'nptn  America  MwirHm  of  Xaluml  lli»lory.     (Vol.  IV, 

Po«7,o,.  o/  ihr  Skeldo,..     Thrre  seem,  to  have  Iwn  no  portioular  ,K«i. 
tjon  for  bumi,  for  the  skeletons  were  fouml  lymg  i»  different  directions 
(I  late  LXI,  Fir.  2).     Tluy  wer,.  all  plaeeH  upon  the  Uck.  licmtver,  Mm^. 
times  with  the  arms  alon^  the  sides  (Mate  i.xii.  Fijf.  2:  Plate  lxiii.  Fig  2) 
Often  the  legs  were  flexwl.  usually  to  the  rixht  or  left  (Plate  i.xi.  Fi^.  2), 
but  In  one  ease  they  were  found  with  the  kne,^  elevate«l.     Thi/ suKgeJts' 
that  possibly  all   of  the  Hexe,!    burials  wn .    made  in  this  position  and 
during  the  decay  of  the  bcnlv   the   knees   fell   to  one  side  or  the  other. 
In  one  case,  as  shown  in  tb-  mifhlie  skeleton  in  Plate  i.xi,  Fig.  1,  the  fore- 
arms were  flexe«l  so  that  th,.  harols  were  at  the  shouhlers.     At  the  Baum 
and  Gartner  sites  the  majority  ..f  the  skeletons  were  foun<l  at  full  length,' 
brt  some  of  those  found  in  the  (Jartner  mound  had  the  knees  flexed  to  the 
•  ^nt;  while  in  the  Gartner  village  site  one  skeletim  was  flexed  to  ocnfonn 
to  the  size  of  the  refuse  pit  in  which  it  was  found.^     A  headless  skeleton 
was  found  in  the  Gartner  Mound.' 

Plural  and  Bundle  BuriaU.     In  a  numWr  of  cases,  more  t  f.an  one  skele- 
ton was  found  in  the  same  grave.     Usually,  one  was  in  anatomical  order 
(Plate  LXiv,  Fig.  2)  and  the  other  skeleton  or  skeletons  were  bundled  over 
It  (Plate  Lxiv,  Fig.  1).     A  double  burial   in  which  t\w  .kel,  tons  were  in 
order  and  at  length,  that  of  an  age<l  couple,  was  f,..md  at  the  <  lartner  site  * 
and  double  burials  were  found  in  the  Adena  M.nind.  the  tv  .,  skeletons 
l)emg  parallel  but  the  head  of  one  at  the  feet  of  the  other.*    I  found  a  stone 
grave  burial  of  this  kind  on  a  hill  top  of  the  Hayner  Farm  north  of  the  Little 
Miami  River  between  Morrow  and  South  I^binon  whilp  carrving  on  ex- 
plorations  for  the  Worid's  Columbian  Exposition  in  1  s< ..'.     A  skeleton  found 
crosswise  over  the  feet  of  another  in  a  sepulcher  in  the-  Adena  Mound  of 
Ohio  suggested  to  Mills  the  possibility  that  it  was  a  human  sacrifice  •     \ 
skeleton  found  by  Mills  in  the  Adena  Mound  suggested  that  the  bodv  had 
been  first  placed  in  another  place  an<l  later  transferred  to  the  Mound  as 
the  bones  were  not  in  anatomical  order  '  but  there  was  no  evidence  that  the 
Ixxlies  were  first  placed  on  s«aflFolds  and  after^vards  interred  at  the  Baum 
and  Gartner  sites."    The  finding  of  burials  in  the  refu.se  pits  of  the  Baum 
site »  suggests  that  they  were  intended  as  temporary  interments.     If  such 
burials  were  reinterred  with  a  later  one,  the  lK)nes  might  be  found  disar- 

>  Mills,  (b),  p.  61. 
•Mllte,  (b).  pp.  25.  61. 
•Mills,  (b),  p  17. 
«M1U»,  (b).  p.  61. 
«  MIUs,  (a),  p.  14. 
•Mills,  (a),  p.  2.'>. 
'Milk.  (a),  p.  16. 
•Milk.  (b).  p.  61. 
•Mills,   (c),  p.  84. 


1910.) 


Sunlh,  I'rrhiHinric  Krutitcky. 


231 


ronKtHl  as  in  n  l>uriul  at  the  Aclena  M..uimI  '  and  in  Home  of  the  douhir 
burials  found  here  in  Kontucky. 

AHif.,ci»  in  Gruce».  Olyetts  w.ri-  neariy  ulwayn  foumi  with  the  akeliv 
tons.  ()rnHnient8  and  lieiuin  only  were  with  !»onie  of  tho  skeletons  of  chil- 
dren. Artifacts  were  m  \er\-  numenius  in  the  villaKe  site  and  mounds 
that  .some  of  them  were  found  in  the  soil  of  the  graves.  This  may  account 
for  the  presf-nce  of  objects  with  some  of  the  skeletons.  A  pottery  liowl  with 
a  unio  shell,  concave  side  down,  in  the  U.ttom  was  f.)und  in  gi-ave  205  on 
the  left  chwt  of  the  skeleton  of  a  child.  Artifacts  were  found  with  some 
and  net  with  other  burials  in  the  Adena  Mouml.»  Mills  «msiders  some  of 
the  animal  Umes  found  in  this  nu>und  to  be  the  remains  of  a  .sacrifice  made 
near  a  grave  and  afterw  ards  d.posit«tl  over  it.»  I  mplements  and  ornaments 
were  place«l  with  ihe  Inxlies  iMirieil  at  full  length  in  the  Baum  and  (iartner 
site.s  *  and  objects  were  found  with  some  skeletons  and  not  with  others  in 
the  Gartner  mound.* 


roXCLLMON. 


■4 


The  material  cultnr.  of  this  prehistoric  site  in  Kentucky  mav  here  l>e 
briefly  characterized.  A  variety  of  the  am'mals  and  pla.i . s  of  the  reKi.)n  were 
usefl  for  food.  Some  of  these  animals  though  hi.storically  known  in  the 
.-tate  are  now  extinct  in  the  vicinity.  liones,  antler,  teeth,  shell,  and 
vegetable  substances  were  used  as  material  for  wea,x>ns,  tools,  and  other 
manufactures.  Among  objects  us.^J  in  securing  Uhh\  bv  means  of  hunting 
an.  I  fishmg.  projectile  p<,ints  were  made  by  chipping  stone  ami  bv  shaping 


h(M.ks  of  1m)ih-  and  nets  were  made.     I.ocal  shells  were 


aniifp  tips.     I 

used  ill  a  wa.  fat  stn<K>the«l  and  sharpened  the  edge.  Chipped  discs  of 
lim.>t„,H.  w.re  common.  Among  tools  supposed  to  have  been  used  bv  men 
wer.'  iiianx  ,lts  jxcked  .ind  polish.*!  from  stone  but  a  few  were  chippcnl 
from  stone  and  .s, .^  .ral  were  cut  out  of  antler.  There  were  hammerstones 
.ade  of  p,.l,hles  and  whetstones  of  sandstone.  The  pitted  stone  also 
..•curr.^1  here.  Bea  er  teeth  suppose*!  to  have  l^^n  used  for  knife  points 
.ven.  t,,und,  knives  and  drills  were  .hipije*!  out  of  stcme.  and  the  hollow 
.  yl,„.!rical  drill  is  known  to  have  l>eeii  ii.sed.     .Kmong  Ux>k  t'  -,  have 

Ik.  n  employ.'.!  by  women  are  .scrapers  cliippefl  from  stor 


1  Mills,  I  a),  p.  10. 
'  ^fflls.  -a),  p.  s. 
'Mills,  (»),  p.  2.1. 
•Mills,  (b),  p.  HI. 
•Mills.  (I)),  p.  21 


232  AnthroiH>U}gicul  l'ninrx  Anurkan  MiiMum  of  \iilural  llwUinj.     [\ol.  VI, 


l)one,  and  awls,  many  of  them  made  of  ulnae  of  various  animals  and  of 
turkey  bones.  A  few  needles  were  also  found.  The  people  worked  l)y 
rubbing  or  grindinK.  polishinjt,  cuttinR,  drillini;,  punching,  chipping,  flak- 
injj,  pecking.  mtHleling,  impressing,  twi.sting,  knitting,  and  painting.  Many 
discs  made  of  stone  and  potsherds,  most  of  them  l)eing  perforateil  in  the 
center,  that  may  have  l)een  u.sed  in  games  were  found.  Fragments  of 
pottery  showe<l  that  the  people  of  the  site  were  proficient  in  its  manufacture. 
Besides  cooking  pots,  pipes,  and  l>eads  were  nmde  of  pottery.  The  pottery 
found  here  belongs  to  the  Ohio  Vallev  group  and  differs  from  some  of  that 
of  Western  Kentuck.N-  which  l>elongs  to  the  middle  Mississippi  \'alley 
group.'  It  was  decorated  in  various  ways,  especially  with  incised  designs, 
impressions,  and  sculpture<l  animal  heads,  while  many  pieces  had  han<lles 
or  lugs.  The  lugs  varie<l  greatly  in  size  and  shape.  \o  mortars  or  pestles 
were  found  here.  Pipes  made  of  stone  were  abundant  and  r>ne  of  pottery 
was  found.  The  people  were  fond  of  personal  adornment  and  use<l  lieads 
of  pottery,  l)one,  and  shell,  also  pendants  of  .stone,  teeth,  an«l  shell,  and 
ornaments,  many  of  them  more  or  less  circular  in  form  and  perforate*!  for 
suspension,  some  were  of  stone,  many  of  shell.  The  people  decorated 
many  of  the  things  they  made,  especially  by  incising,  notching,  arul  model- 
ing. They  made  l)oth  geometric  designs  and  realistic  representations. 
Some  of  the  latter  were  incised,  others  were  modeled.  These  repre.sente«l 
lower  animals  and  the  human  form.  The  people  suffered  from  wounds 
and  injuries  liesides  greatly  from  a  terrible  disease  which  affectetl  the  bones 
of  l)oth  .sexes  in  many  cases  in  all  regions  of  the  Inxly.  They  buried  the 
dead,  lM)th  at  length  and  fle.xed,  in  graves,  some  of  which  were  grouped  and 
covered  with  large  mounds.  Some  Ixxlies  were  more  or  less  surrounded  bj 
limestone  slabs  forming  what  are  called  "stone  graves."  .\rtifacts  were 
buried  with  the  <lea«l  and  double  burials  were  made.  The  pt^ople  were 
.somewhat  agricultural  as  is  shown  by  the  presence  of  corn  and  In-ans,  un<l 
in  this  respect  resemble  tho.se  of  the  Gartner  and  Baum  sites.=  Intertribal 
trade  or  gifts,  conquest  or  extended  journeys,  are  indicatwl  by  ocean  shells, 
here  as  they  are  by  mica  and  ocean  shell  in  the  CJartner  site/^  Nothing  of 
copper  or  obsidian  "'as  found. 

The  inhabitants  of  the  village  site  were  apparently  the  Ituihiers  of  the 
mounds  as  indicated  by  the  similarity  of  the  artifacts  found  in  each.  It  will 
l»e  remembered  that  the  inhabitants  of  the  Gartner  village  were  the  builders 
of  the  mound  there.^     Shell  crescents  were  found  here  in  Kentuckv  and  it 


'  Holmes,  (h).  p.  IHj.  Plato  IV. 
fant  than  hen*. 
»  MllUt,  (b).  p.  6.5. 
<  MIIIr.  (b),  p.  tt.5 
•  MillH.  (b),  p.  0.1. 


Ml(ldl<'  Ml'5s|ssl|)j)!  Valley  iK>HtTy  h  UtMUl  t-vtti  fiirlhiT 


1910.1 


Sinilh,  I'ri'hiiilnric  Kfittiieky. 


2'X\ 


will  Im"  reniemlMTtHl  that  Mills  states  that  the  Bauiii  site  differs  from  tlie 
Gartner  site  only  in  the  absence  of  shell  creseents.' 

The  material  culture  of  this  site  in  Kentucky  resembles  that  of  the  Adena 
Mound,  Baum  *  and  (lartner  sites,  the  main  or  early  part  of  the  Kol)ert 
Harness  Mound,  and  the  Oregonia,  Fort  Ancient,  and  Madison ville  sites  of 
Ohio.  It  iM'longs  to  what  Mills  has  f -nie<l  the  "Fort  Ancient  Culture"  ' 
as  different  from  the  Hopewell  culture  (the  I'pper  Mississippi  iM)ttery  area) 
or  the  Northwest  group  descril)e<l  by  Holmes'*  conmion  ti>  the  Turner, 
Hopewell  (North  Fork  or  Clark)  and  the  Edwin  Harness  groups  an«l  Siep 
Mound.*  There  are  many  remains  both  on  the  surface  and  in  the  soil  of 
the  village  site,  mounds,  and  graves  while  in  the  sites  of  Hopewell  culture 
remains  are  comparatively  .scarce  until  a  deposit  is  found.  The  pottery  is 
of  the  poor  type  which  Holmes  has  stated  belongs  to  the  archaic  northern 
division  of  the  art,  rather  than  to  the  more  highly  tlevelopeil  southern  pot- 
tery.* Although  the  pottery  found  here  an<l  on  other  sites  of  Fort  .\ncient 
culture  is  of  the  Ohio  Valley  type,  yet  the  distribution  of  Ohio  Valley  pot- 
tery and  that  of  other  classes  of  cultural  remains  of  the  Ohio  Valley  pottery 
province  is  yet  to  be  correlated.^  The  Fort  Ancient  culture,  which,  as  Moore- 
head  '  states,  is  not  yet  definitely  placed,  is  now  known  to  be  found  at  least 
here  in  Kentucky,  as  well  as  in  Ohio. 


■  Mills,  (b).  p.  n.5. 

«  Cf.  Mills,  (c).  p.  m. 

>  Mills,  (d).  p.  Ki:  Holmi-s.  (b).  p.  1S2. 

•  Holmes,  (b).  p.  \9^. 

'  Mills,  (e).  p.  58. 

Holmes,  d)),  pp.  183.  180. 
"  Vr.  Holmes,  (b).  p.  1S7. 
»  Moon-head,  p.  143. 


234 


Anthropoloifical  Papers  American  Museum  of  Natural  UiMory.     [Vol.  VI, 


BIBLIOGRAPHY. 


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2,  New  York,  1907). 
CuuN,  Stewart.    Games  of  the  North  .\merioan  Indians.     (24th  Annual  Report, 

Biu^au  of  American  Ethnologj-,  1902-3,  pp.  5-846, 

Washington,  1907). 
Holmes,  W.  H.     (a)  Shell  Ornaments  from  Kentucky  and  Mexico.     (Smithsonian 

Miscellaneous    Collections,    Quarterly    Issue,    Vol. 

45,  Washington,  1903). 

(b)  Aboriginal    Pottery   of  the  Eastern   United   States.      (20th 

Annual  Report,  Bureau  of  American  Ethnolog}-, 
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(c)  Art  in  Shell  of  the  Ancient  Americans.     (2nd  Annual  Report, 

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(b)  Explorations  of  the  Gartner  Mound  and  Village  Site. 

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(c)  Explorations  of  the  Baum  Prehistoric  Village  Site.    Cer- 

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(Reprint  from  the  Ohio  .Vrchaeological  and  His- 
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MooREHEAD,    Warren    K.     A   Study   of    Primitive   Culture   in   Ohio.     Putnam 

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Putnam  F.  W.     (a)  The  Way  Bone  Fishhooks  were  nuuie  in  the  Little  Miami 

Valley,  (20th  Report    Pealnxly  Mu!=pum,   1886,  Vol 
3,  No.  7,  p.  .iSl.  Ciimbridgp.  1887). 


1910.1 


Smith,  PrehiMoric  Kentucky. 


2.3.5 


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in  Ohio.  (18th  and  19th  Annual  Report,  Peabody 
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American  Museum  of  Natural  Historj-,  \ol.  2.  Part  3. 
New  York,  1899). 

(b)  Archaeology  of   the  Tho-.npson   River  Region.     (Memoir, 

American  Museum  of  Natural  HiKtorv,  \'ol.  2, 
Part  6,  New  York,  1900). 

(c)  Shell-Heaps  of  the  Lower  Fraser  River.     (Memoir,  American 

Museum  of  Natural  History,  Vol.  4,  Part  4,  New 
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(d)  Archiieologj-  of  the  Gulf  of  Georgia  anil   Puget   Sound. 

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(Rejwrt,  Museums  Association  of  the  I'nited  King- 
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WlLI/irOIIHY,  CHARLE.S  C. 


INDEX. 


Adomi  Moiiiul,  17S,  17<),  181,  18;j,  188, 
1!»S.  JCW,  ^(M,  213,  215,  21fi,  218,  221, 
•223,  -229,  230,  250. 
Adornment,  83-105,  214-222. 
Adw,  hand,  04-(>5. 
.\Kriculfiin',    iinplcnM'nt.-*    used    in,    1S3, 

UM). 
.Vlitimuni  CnH'k,  10. 
Algonkin,  linuuislic  area,  177. 
••Altars,"  •2'29. 
Amulet.s,  211. 
.\niiiHcm»'nts.  214. 
.Vntlcr,    arrow    jwintu,    182;     co.sttunf'd 

human    fimm',     100-105;     rylindors, 

lOH;    figure,   r28;    knife  handle,   198; 

manufacture  of,    185;    |x>ints  niblx-d 

out   of,    !85;    quill-flat tener,   r29. 
.Vnhacolonical,   finds,   age  of,   7;    siti's, 

11 -'20. 
Arnyle,  Albert  A.,  8. 
.Vrrow-head,  24. 
.\rrow  jmints.  25-20,  09,  182.  184,   197, 

'209. 
.\rro\v-shafi,    polisher,    73;     smoothers. 

09,  198. 
•Vrt,  30,  117-13S,  •2'22-2'25;    resemblance 

to  coiist  art,  13(>-138. 
.Vwls.  184.  188,  193,  194;   of  bone,  •201- 

•204,    209,    215:     nibbe.1      ron,    bone, 

71-72;   of  stone,  25,  fit! 
.\xes,  prooveil,  195. 

Hait.  for  fi.sh,   18,S,  221. 

H.xsketry,   35-30;     coiled,    :«>;     fuimels. 

37,  39. 
Bauin   vilhifte  site,    ISO.    188.    195,   207. 

225,  -229,  '230,  231. 
Ha.salt,  use  of,  21,  ^23. 
Hea<ls.  88-90,  21«}-217,  '221. 
Bierbower,  Col.  Frederick   H..   178. 
Minis.  Prof.  I'>!inz.  41. 
Hody.  ))osition  of  in  burial.  142. 
Boilinit,  of  food,  51. 


Bolas,  180. 

Bones,   animal,   use  of  '22,    181;    In-ads 

made  of,  216;    |Mjints  rubbed  out  of, 

27-29. 
Bows,  29. 

Bracelets,  99-100,  2 Hi,  221. 
Burial,  in  domes  of  volcanic  ash,   13H- 

139,   141;    methwl  of,    138-143,  '2^2H- 

•231;  plural  and  bumlle,  '230-231. 

Caches,  lij,  '23,  51,  .57,  »>1,  184.  194. 

Calls,  animal,   186,  212. 

"Canoe  smashers,"  31,  32,  70. 

Car\'inKs,  on  pipes,  lUi. 

Ca.scade  Muimtains,  7. 

Celts,   of    antier,    19«>;     of   jiuleite,    03; 

of  stone,  <)2,  64,  195.  197. 
Charms,  186,211. 

Cherry  Creek,  graves  near,  8.  9,  "25. 
Chinook,  .54;    clothing  of,  104. 
Chipping.  207. 
Chips,     for    ehippid     implements,     16; 

material  for,  '20. 
Chisels,  of  bone,  198. 
Clealum,  7,  8,  9;    remains  found  at.  11 
Clearwater  River,  shell  heaps  on,  35. 
ClifT-<lwellings.  193. 
Clothing,  material  u.«ed  as.  '23.  103.  181. 

214-215. 
Club  heads,  7.5-76. 

Clubs,  of  stone.  7.5,  76-80,  1:14.    l.'{6,  144. 
Coast  art.  13C>-138. 
Collections,  from  Maysville,  178. 
Combs,  of  antler,  87-88,  216. 
Communal  dwellings.  .55. 
Comox,  26. 

CfM>kine,  methwisof.  189,  1<M). 
Cop|)er,  use  of,  22;  jx-ndanls  of,  94 
Cord,  process  of  making,  '208. 
Costmne.    on    antler    figure,     10(>-1()4; 

in  War,  82. 
Cotton,  J,  S.,  '29,  .54. 
Cowiche  Creek,  10.  pictographs  at,  119. 


238  Anthropological  Papern  American  Xfiuteum  of  .\alural  Hiatory.   [Vol.  VI, 


Crab  Crw,  Bpecimeiui  found  at,  20. 
Civmation,  circlm,  54,   142,   144;    rw- 

tanglr,  105;   remaimt  of,  7,  15. 
Cutting,  206. 

Cylinders,  of  antler  and  bom-,  UW,  207. 
Cyst,  stone,  lUtt. 

Dakota,  119,  120,  121,  r29. 

Davidson,  Mrs.  J.  B.,  25. 

DiM'oration,  on  piix>,  110,  111. 

Decorative  art,  118. 

Deformation,  of  ttkulK  ia5. 

DesignH,  rircle  and  dot,  tWi,    li;i,   117, 

11«,   120,   122,   12H,   1:J0-132;    floral, 

117-118;    Keometric,   211,   213,    225. 

232;    incised,    124-130;    inlaid,    115, 

118; 
Dire,  of  astragalus  bone,  209;   of  ttTth, 

im. 

Digging  sticks.  35,  41,  134,  183. 

Discs,  61,  92-93,  189,  195,  200,  207,  210, 

211,219,231. 
Di8ease<l  bones,  227. 
Diseases.    143,    225-228;     identification 

of,  228. 
Dress,  8:j-105;  214-'222. 
Drilling,  206. 
Drills.  66-67. 
Drill  |)oints,  199.  204,  212. 

Kar  ornaments,  221. 

Kiistem  Cree,  199. 

Ebume.  26,  88. 

EUensburg,  graves  near,  S;  situation  of, 

9;   s|)ecimen8  from,  16;}-ltJ6. 
Eskimo,  knives  use<l  by,  189. 

Fire,  drill,  .50;    making.  .50;    pluces.  'ht. 
Fi.sh,  hooks,   187-188,  206;  knives,  51; 

spejirs,  18.5,  186.  187;  spear  barbs,  27. 
Flakes,  chipped,  199. 
Flaking.  207. 
Food,    materials    for,    179-181;     plant, 

gathering    of.    188;     [>reparation    of. 

.36-51,    189-194,    196;     securing    of, 

23-36,  183. 
Forks,  193. 
Fort    .\ncient     culture,    similaritv    to, 

225,  2a3. 


Fortifications,  82. 

Fowke,  Mr.  Gerard.  177. 

Fox    Farm,    prehistoric    elhnolog>-    of, 

177-2;«. 
"Fox's  Fort,"  177. 
Fractures,  226. 
Eraser  Delta,  24,  26. 

Gambling,  tubes  used  in,  ia5,  209,  210. 

Game,  manner  of  hunting,  30. 

Games,  ia5-106;  209-211. 

Gartner  mound,  178,  179,  180,  183,  184, 
187,  190,  201,  '202,  210,211,214.215, 
218,  220,  222,  223,  225,  229,  231. 

Gartner  village  site,  187,  188,  189,  193. 
194,  195,  203,  209,  214,  215,  216,  219, 
'221,  22.5,  -229. 

(ieographical  description,  of  archaeo- 
logical sites,  10. 

Gorgets,  of  shell,  220;  of  slate,  212,  219. 

CJraves,  18,  19,  38,  .57,  82,  83,  84,  94,  145, 
1.52-171.  177.  '228-230;  antiquity  of, 
139;  artifacts  in,  131;  rock-slide,  7. 
8,  i:i-1.5,  20.  23,  29,  99,  104,  ia5,  117, 
139-142. 

Grooves,  designs  made  by  pecking,  132. 

Habitations,  51-.57;  194. 

Haida.  pi|N>s  of,  1 16. 

Hair  pins,  215. 

Hair  spreaders,  21.5. 

Hammers.  30. 

Hammerstones,    r,H-6'2,    184,    XM,    195. 

196,  207. 
Hand-adze,  (W-65,  81. 
Handles,  metho<i  of  attaching  to  jkMs. 

191-193. 
Harness,  Edwin,  Mound,  '225,  '233;  Hob- 

ort,  '2*25. 
Harpoon  heads.  27. 
Headdresses,    1.32,  on   figun>  of  antler. 

1'28;   on  petroglyphs,  119,  121. 
Head  Scratchers,  87. 
Hindshaw,  Mr.  W.  H.,  142. 
Hinman,  Mrs.  O.,  9.  :«,  45. 
Hoes.  188. 

Hopewell  Culture,  similarity  to,  '225,  233. 
Houses,  mat,  .56. 


1910.) 


Index. 


2m 


HuuM>  Kilitt,  Mcmi-Hiibti-iTaiU'un,  15,  H», 
18,  20,  34.  51-55,  5«-57,  181. 

Hrdlii'ka,  A,  22«. 

Human  ii|cun>,  cuHtiinio!.  i()0-l()5,  118, 
127-128. 

Hunting,  objr«-t!'  umhI  in,  23,  184. 

Implrnipntx,     aKricullunil,     183,     ItHi; 

used  in  prnouring  food,  183. 
InluyinK,  with  mptal,  115,  118,  135. 
InriHing,  on  dontalia,  91:  on  piiH*,  115: 

on  |K>ttory  viiwels,  193:  on  stone,  222. 

.Iiinerk,  Mr.  Iamm  O.,  8,  35. 

Kulupuya.   method  of  huriul  of,    1.39. 

KamloopH,  29.  (iS,  tW. 

Kenncwick,  7,  10;    ubimilanci^  of  upov'x- 

mens    at,     11;     Rraves    at,     18,    30; 

liammerMtone    fmm,    59;    sperimenM 

from,  152. 
Klamath,  hoJiws  of,  54. 
Knitting.  208. 

Knife  handle,  60;  fioint,  24. 
Knivew,   51.   68;    of  heaver   UvXU,   (Wi, 

82,  189,  198-199.  201,  2()(),  231. 

Lewis  and  Clark.  11.  18,  ;}5,  5.3,  55,  5t\, 

107,  108. 
Ixxige,  .56;  .skin,  .54;  sites,  ."JS;  summer. 

11. 
iMfp,  ty|)es  of,  191-193. 
Lynch.  Mrs.  Jay,  9,  18. 
Lytton,  typical  pestles  of,  ^3. 

Madisonville  Prehistoric  Cemetery-,  225. 

Manufacture,  material  for,  181;  proc- 
esses of,  74,  20.5-208. 

.Manufactured  objects,  history  of.  74-75, 
208-209. 

Mason,  Otis  'P..  S5. 

Mat  pres.ser,  of  stone,  7.3-74.  117;  in- 
cising on,  124. 

Matting,  Ki. 

Mats,  194. 

Maul,  groovetl  stone,  ()2. 

McCandles-s.  Frank  N.,  .<<,  106, 

Metz,  Dr.  Charles  I...  178,  225. 

Mills,  William  C,  178. 


Mim<,  Hon.  .Austin,  9,  :<(),  61. 
Mocrasins,  215;   painting  on.  121. 
McMleling.  207. 
Mortars,  :i6-;{9,   1.34,   189. 
.Mounds.  177;  burial  in,  228-229. 
Mountain  Snakes,  houses  of,  55. 

Naches  River,  27;  graves  near,  7;  nn-k- 
slide  iif'ar,  14. 

Narcotics.  106-117. 

Nwklace,  216,  217,  '221;  of  eopix-r,  1:«>. 

Needles,  72-73,  194,  •204-2f)5. 

Netting,  impressions  of,  on  iK»tter>',  191, 
194,  2a5,  208,  215.  '222;  ne«'«lie8  for, 
-W. 

Nets,  use  of,  32,  188. 

Net  sinkers,  18,30.61,  119. 

Nez  Perce,  12,  21,  22,  23,  24,  27.  29,  34, 
;W,  41,  43,  47.  .50.  51,  .54,  .58.  «1.  63.  (Hi, 
82,  89,  95,  102,  104,  107,  113,  11.5,  116. 
118,  121,  1'22,  127,  i:J0,  131,  140,  142. 

.North  Yakima,  graves  near.  7;  situa- 
tion of.  10;  specimens  from.  1.52-1(>3. 

Nose  omament.s,  221. 

Notches,  on  stone  and  bone,  130. 

Ornaments,  87;  attache<i  to  pipes,  108, 
214;  ear,  221;  hair,  101;  of  steatite, 
140. 

Owen.  1     \V.,8,  18,  .53. 

Paint,    found    near    Fort    Sinico<>.    22; 

rubbinl    into    designs.    120-121.    127, 

131;   use«l,  87. 
Paintings,  119-121.  208,  223;    on    face 

anil  bo<ly,  101.  ia3. 
Pasco.  10. 
Pebbl<>s,    grooved,    '  >;     r.-i  vorked.    :{2; 

water-worn.  Ki. 
Pecking.  207;  designs  mm!,  by,  132. 
Pendant.s    92-99,    186,    214^    217-221; 

incising  on.   127,  222;    of  teeth,   182. 

188,  218. 
Petroglyphs,  7.  8,  1.3.  20,  21,   101,   117. 

118,  119.  121-124.  132. 
Pestles,  .39-47,  .58,  SO,  124,  i:«-i;M,  13(). 

189. 
Phalanx  Imjuc  objects,  manufactun-  of. 

210. 


24() 


A,„hro„oloffieal  l'„„r»  Amerir,,,,  M,u.um  of  Xalural  Hufory.    [Xol  VI. 


l'i«l<>KmpJw.  17.  21,  101.  117,  118.  11», 

I'ilH^.  JU,  21-.' 214.  2:«:  ,.arv«l.  110. 
!••«.  VHS;  firrlp  ami  dot  <|(>Mi,(i,  „„. 
131;  fragniont  i)f.  !«>;  indwiiK  "n. 
rr.,  13();  ly|K*(.f,  lOlJ-117;  unHniMh.".!. 
74. 
I'<»int»,  chippeil  out  «.f  sUmv,  Xi-'M,  184; 

nibbwl  out  of  wtono.  2«-  27. 
Port  Hammond,  2»>. 

Pottpr>-,  ISO,  iHi,  \H^m,  2(W,  2:«: 
dwcH  of.  210;  dec()rationH  on.  22:<; 
nio<lp|pd  (iKiirPH  of,  211 

30, 


I'rii'st  liapidH.  H,  12,  24,  2.5,  2fi 

37,  38,  42,  .W,  \m,  170. 
rnxwT.  H|)p«-im(>n  foiiml  at.  27. 
PiiW't    Sountl.   arrh:it>ol<»(i>-   of.   7n,  78; 

f^ltn  found  at.  ()2. 
Funrhinn.  20«. 
Putnam.  Pn)f.  Fnili-rick  \V..   I7S.  1S7 


(iuarricH  foimd.  23. 

(iuill  fiattoni-r.  of  anth-r,  110.  121.  120. 

Rallies,  210.  211-212. 
UcliKiouH  objiH-ts.  211. 
Rc-soun-fs.    21-2:J:     a„i,„.,l    and    plant 

inatcrial.  170-18.J. 
Hi'lout,  .Mr.  C.  (i..  (•>;{.  .so. 
Hinit  and  pin  name.  200. 
KiiiK«,  of  popiM-r.  221. 
Uock-slidc  jtravcH,   1.3-14.   10,   I7.    \s 
Hollers.  47~rA). 
K<M)tN,  K.ilhorin(£of, ;{."). 
Huhbintr,  20.'.-20(l. 

Niiinicli.  24.  27. 

Sarramento  Valley,  inound.s  of   the.   10. 

Sa<ritice,  of  horses.  I4:{, 

Salmon  siH-ars,  187. 

Sania  C^alalina   Isjan.ls,   j,      '-s  of,    4:{. 


iip  .scra|M'rs,  :{;'». 


Si: 

Sealp  <'uts.  22."). 

SelKMilernft.  H<-iiry  |{.,  lo. 

Sera|M-rs.  (i7H>0.  lOti.  221:   .hipiMd  fr 

sKme,    •><»-71.    -200;     tnmie    of    |,on<-. 

200-201;      rublHHl     from    Ijono.      71: 

sap,  3.5. 


S<ulptun-,  21.5.  22.3.  animal  and  human 

fonns.  HI,  lOO-Htt.  I32-1:«5. 
S-mi-Hubterranean   houM*  Miten,    1.5     lo 

IH.  20.  34.  .51.5.5.  .5«l-.57.  181. 
H<'ntinal  Hhiffs.  8,  II. 
Shell  hea|w.  .34-;iA.  .51.  10.5,  14.5. 
Shell.  b<'ads  of.  217;   denialium.  <»O-01; 

hair  oniainontH  of.   101;    imiHinn  on. 

12IJ-127;  rx'ndanlM  of.  Ofi-00,  218-210; 

UNi.  of.  -n,  :W.  l.Kl,  188,  180. 
Shcwhone,  elothinjc  c»f,  104. 
Shu.shwa|i.  32. 

Sinken*.  7.>-7«;  KnM)ve<l.;«).;i.5;  notched 
30. 

Skeletcm.    i;jft;     patholoftieal    eondilion 

of.  227;  |K>sition  of.  2;J0. 
Skins,  used  as  elothinn.  S^J.  214-21.5. 
Skin  seraper.  70. 

Skulls,   out.  221;    deformation  of.    I(fc5. 
"Slav»>-killors.'   :"),  6.5,  80-82. 
Snake  River,  grave  on.  27. 
Snar««s,  2<l-30.  18fi. 
Spaldinft,  W.  H..  0.  27. 
Spears,  fish,  27.   1,8.5,   1,S0.   187;    (K.inl.s. 

2.5;  u.spd  in  war,  2tt. 
Spinden,  Dr.  H.  .1.  12.  21.  22.  20,  ;{.5 

37.  41.  .5.5.  fi2,  fin,  8.5.        "  ""•  " 

Spindle-whorls.  84.  20;5.  210. 

Spinning.  20.5. 

Spoons.  193 

Spuzzum.  pipe  from.  113. 

Stone,  art  of  ehipping.  24;    [wndants  of, 

217;    piltP(!,  107;    iM)inls  ehipped  out 

of.  23-2fi;  jK)ints  nibbed  out  of.  2fi-27. 
^^tniiners,  pottery.  lO.'l 
Suerotii.sh.  104. 
Summer  house  siten.  .■>.5-")7. 

Tattooiisi;.  IM). 

Teeth,  pendunt.-i  of.  182.  221. 

Teit,  Mr.  .I.inies.  21.  20,  32.  X),  Til    lo| 

108,  120,  200. 
Thomas,  Prof.  Cyrus,  177. 
Thompson  River  region,  12,  23,  20,  20. 

.32,  3.5,  .50,  .51.  .54.  .5.5.  fil.  fi«5,  7.5,  82  8.5 

80.01.  100,  io:{,  1Q.5,  no.  2(X). 

Tlinsit.  pipe»cfrom.  114. 
Tomahawk  pipe.  llfi. 
Tools,    used   by    men,    .57-4iO,    104-1{>0; 
by  women,  69-74,  200-2a5. 


1910. 


Index. 


241 


Totpin  piiU-s,  lift.  u-..    -p  u.i     1 

.••.,•  ...  "'"'    '•>->*2;    bonnet,   iihp  of.  82    13II- 

"""'"'"•  ""'•"«''  --■  •*-^'  W-Hrfan..  i„.,;i.w„t«  umd  in,  76,  184 

19({  214  ' 

ln.l..rKn.iin.l  houH*^,  n-nminH  of,  1 1,   17,  WmvinK,  H.5-8«J,  194.  20.i 

I  iiion  Cap.  l.Mlg,.s  n..ur,  .-kl;    nM-k-sli,!,.  Wodw^,  of  antler,  .'57-.V<  " 

Krav.^.  at,  8.  WhHstonrH,  tWM«5,  131.  107-108. 

I  P|>pr  (,ap,  mrk-«lul.'  Krav.s  at,  U-l.-V.  Whisthv.,  106,  212.  214. 

v„         ..  ...  Willimnhby,  ChttrU>s  C,  77. 

\  ilhw  Hit,.,  pn.hwton<-,  m-  of,  178.  \Vi«„lrr.  Dr.  Clark,  12<l    in 

\ancouv(r  Island,  typical  p<Mtlp«  fwm,  Wounds,  arrow,  22fi 
42,  4'i. 

...  ,,    ,,.  ,,     ,  . .  Yakima  Vall««y,  areha«'«)lc«y  of,   1-171. 

« alia  \N alia,  liouH«~<  ih<nI  by,  .M.  York.  W.  Z.,  0.  .••<•• 


Plats  XVII.     Raw>vaoB*  —  Animal  MAniMALs. 

of  nwiind  1. 


n|.  1  (90-aSO).  LaftbatfofOieloiNrJkwofftblMkbMr. 

ng.  S  (10-098).  Right  Iwlf  of  the  lower  )»w  or  AVIrstate 

Flf.  3  (90-390).  Right  h»ir  or  Um  lower  J»w  of  •aatt. 

Fig.  4  (30-906).  SkoO  of  •  ncoooa. 

Fig.  S  (aO-«M).  Skuil  or  »  rad  Am. 


...r^^-.^.ataaM.-..»^^^^^^^.  ..- 


S      M 


. 


m 


■■i:^f^• 


■:.U>:HU'Hi 


*>t"t«^-    -^t; 


rewHSswi 


Platu  XVIII.     RsaoracM  —  Amiial  Matuial*. 

Fig.     1  (ao-117«).    Lower  mMidible  of  a  gnmt  bhie  beron.     Prom 
cMap  trmeh. 

Fig.  a  (80-380).  Right  taraomeUtwmis  of  »  wild  lurtoy.  From  general  rtignt-g. 
of  momd  1. 

ng.    3  (30-74Q).  lUum  of  •  ducir.     From  genei-al  diggings  of  mound  2. 

Fig.    4  (30-872).  Clavicle  of  an  owl.    Fromgeneraldlgginff  of  mound  1. 

Fig.  s  (20-396).  Phaiaaz  of  an  eagle  bearing  IndMd  Smm.  From  genersi  dlggingi 
of  mound  1. 

Fig.  «  (ao-74«).  I^eft  half  or  the  lower  jaw  of  a  lyns  or  wUd  cM.  From  goMnd 
rtlgglnw  of  mound  2. 


Fig.     7  (20-306) .     Right  half  of  the  lower  law  of  an  o| 
of  oMiund  1. 


From  gmeral  ""gg'-'g- 


Fig.    8  (20-307).     iJghthalfof  theloweriawofa  wooddiuelc.    From 
at  monn4  I. 

Fig.     9  (20-696).     Left  half  of  the  lower  Jaw  of  a  beaver.     FMm 
mound  2. 

Fig.  10  (ao-l203a).    Left  halfof  thelowerJawofaredorfMiquiRel.    FitMualotof 
178  such  half  Jaws  at  pelvis  of  skeleton  190.  in  teld. 

Fig.  11   r»-796).     SkuU  of  •  pack  or  wood  rat.     From  left 
mound  2. 


63. 


Fig.  12  (20-1298).     Right  half  of  the  lower  Jaw  of  a  ariak.    Ftom  the  left  pelvis  of 
skpioton  193,  in  Held. 

Fig.  13  (20-746).     8kuU  of  a  weaari.     FroM  gencMl  tfggings  of  mound  2. 


■■I 


I 


X 


t 


m 


X 

■J 


5!     f- 


U 
^ 


^M 


1 


luuiit^ih  l#*«i  n. 


titamtm  tit  . 


K1«.  1 
ormauad  i. 
Fl«.  i 
mound  1. 
Fl«.  3 
Pi*.  4 
P%.    A 

■ink  hole. 
rig.    7 
Kig.    8 

stole  iiole. 
Fig.     9 
Kig.  10 

Hlnlc  hole. 


Plate  XIX.     Ruovbcb*  —  Animal  and  Plant  Matbuals. 

(ao-302a).     Rckr  portion  of  tlieplMtron  of  a  tmx  turtle.    Prom  general  diggtawi 

(aa-303).     Portion  of  tlw  cM»|)«ce  of  •  turtle.     From    gmcwal   digilnv   of 

(30-4(M).  Vertelir*  of  »  Aah.  Worn  geoerml  diggings  of  mound  I. 
(30-4M»).  I.Mge  unio  fiieU.  Prom  general  digglngi  of  mound  1. 
(ao-4aob).  Hniail  unio  ahell.  Prom  general  trigging"  of  mound  I. 
(ao-l303a).    Charred  com.    Prom  pelvb  of  ulceletcm  t»4.  embankment  or 

(20-437).     Charred  com  cob.     Prom  general  digglngi  of  mound  1. 

(aO-1303b).     Charred  beans.     Prom  pelvis  of  skeleton  104,  embankment  of 

(20-474).     Charred  hkdiary  nut.     Prom  skeleton  32,  mound  1. 

(30-1310).    Charred  walnut.     PVora  pelvh  of  skeleton  194,  embanluneat  of 


C- 


sU' 


UCTlnsa 
nai  of 

lent  or 
lent  uf 
leat  of 


iro 


a 

X 

■< 


2  _ 


7. 


^ 

u 


30 

■A 


t    I; 


J 


J 


PtATB  XX.    iMMntBars  roa  Bmoitmtw  Foob  —  9otwn  vmnna  raoM  •«•■«. 


dl- 


.  poalMir  a  ralMi.    Vtaat 


ni.    1  (afr-lU6a).    OnaMr  ehlppad  point  or  I 

nf^(ao-Ma).    Chtpped  pofat  or  yrtowWi  gnjr  rtialaaaoiiy  ftir  an«w.  »•«•   or 
From  aorlkM  of  tern.  ^^ 

..-..Tt  JImL**"!!!!!'    <^'^'^y*"*  «*  »«*««»  »««  •««  ««>wii  eUalwdoDy  fbr  arraw. 
•Dear,  or  knifv.     Pran  ftmrral  iWniliipi  of  mooBd  1. 

"^     4  OO-AMa).    cUpiMd  point  or  giar  dMtoMkMr.  far  airow.  •pMu-.  or  knilto. 
boiti  iui  mincrai  (HmmH.     Pram  iBMnl  dimaai  af  movad  3.  ^^ 

ri«     ft  (3<vn»6).     lama  cMppad  point  oT  bnnni  ia^Mt  tor  *p«ar  or  knifr.  bwrtas 
min.  r»i  deportt.    Pram  neitr  left  hand  or  dnMaBS.eaaipi.r«w!ii. 

^ II**-    •  («>-N^«)     Chipped  point  of  Nght  browiUih  srar  chakicdaar  bMrinc  mlnaral 

deposit,  for  arrow  or  drlU.    Pram  mtrikea  of  term,    Praaentad  by  Ool.  PrMWIck  H.  Bier- 


Chipped  point  of  dark  gray  diakiedany  tor  anx>». 
Ohipttftd  point  of  yelkiwiah  dwl-'edony  for  arrow. 


Prom  ceBorai 
Prom   mirfaoe 


ho    _. 

Fte.     7  (ai>-751.. 

dtadiuei  of  mound  2. 

Pig.     8  (2fK44b). 

or  num. 

Pte  9  (ao-l8fla),  Cntdely  wsrratad  cIdppMi  point  of  line  grained  quartxitr,  for  arrow 
irom  iPiMval  dtgginci  of  mound  l . 

P«g.  lO  (aa-l»Bb).  .Serrau-.!  iinuly  chipped  point  of  yelktwliih  chert  tor  arrow  Prom 
Keneral  dlwdngii  or  mound  I. 

Pig.  1 1  (20-.M6a).  CMppotl  |H>int  of  mottled  red  and  yeUow  Jaqw  ror  arrow  or  spear 
The  edge  oT  the  notcbe*  an<l  haM<  »«.  rubbed  amooth.    Prom  geneni  '«%g««ig-  of  mound  2 

Pig.  12  (2a-I8«a).  riilppwl  point  of  yHkiwiah  cbaksedony.  The  edgta  or  the  notehn 
are  rubbed  Bmooth,  tor  arrow  or  spear.     Prom  Reneral  dlggfaiai  or  mound  I. 

Pig.  13  (30-18«b).  Chipped  point  of  banded  gray  chahMdony  for  arrow  or  anear 
Prom  general  dlgglngi  of  mound  1.  ^^ 

Pig.  14  (20-«.ia).  Chipped  point  of  mottled  gray  and  yeUowiah  chert  for  arrow  or 
ipear.     Prom  aurftee  or  torm. 

Pig.  l.l  (a>-l«8c).    Chipped   point  or  gray  chakxidony.    Prom    general  dborinaa  of 

Pig.  Ill  f;.'0-i88d).  Chipped  pp»nt  or  banded  chaksedony  ror  arrow,  knife,  or  ipear 
bearing  a  mlnoral  dpporit.     Prom  general  digging  of  mound  1. 

Pig.  17  (2»-83a).  Chipped  point  or  a  banded  brown  Jaaper  ror  arrow,  ipear,  or  knire 
Prom  the  turtoce  or  fhrm.     Prenunted  by  Col.  Prederick  H.  Blerbower. 

Pig.  18  (20-4Sb).  Chipped  point  of  mottled  blue  chert  for  arrow,  spear,  or  knire 
The  edge  of  the  baae  la  rubbed  amooth.     Prom  (h«  aurnuie  of  f\rm. 

Pig.  18  (ao-83b).  Chipped  point  of  Ught  gray  Impure  cliak»daay  ror  arrow,  apear 
or  knlfc.     Prom  the  aiirface  of  Item.    Prwmted  by  Col.  Prederick  H.  Bhirbower. 

Fig.  20  (20-.58Bb).  Chipped  point  of  fine  gralnnd  gray  quartdte.  The  tang  la  broken 
off.    iiVom  general  diggings  or  mound  2. 


AnTHiior.  Pur.  \  M.  N.  H. 


Vol.  VI.Pi.ATi  XX. 


MM 


10 


15 


If  |4« 

11  12  13  1^  15 


16 


17 


16 


1^ 


20 


Impi.kmknts  k(.k  Sk<  chin.;  K)M.r) 


MKXOCOPy  RiSOlUTION   TBT  CHART 

(ANSI  and  ISO  TEST  CHART  No.  2) 


Li  12.8 

y. 

|22 

|2^ 

^  -APPLIED  IIVHGF 

BJ;  1653  East  Main  Street 

'■a;  r7°fri"!t'i  '*•*  '"'"'     1*609     us* 

B  ("6)   482-0^00 -Phone 

SS  (716)  288 -5989 -Fa. 


.-...--  niip 


Plats  XXI. 


Implements   roa  ■ecounq   Food  —  Points  or  Antlek   and  Bonk,   Fish 
Hooks  or  Bone,  Impression  or  NETrtNO,  etc. 


ng. 

Klg. 

jng. 

Klg. 
Fig. 
Fig. 


(20-33ea). 
(20-32«b). 
(20-640a). 
(2&-326C). 

(20-977a). 
(2&-1173). 


Potnt  made  of  antler,  for  arrow. 
Point  made  of  antler,  for  arrow. 
Point  made  of  antler,  for  arrow. 
Point  made  of  antler  for  arrow. 
Point  made  of  antlo*  for  arrow. 


From  general  diggings  of  mound  1 . 
From  general  diggings  of  mound  1 . 
From  genwal  diggings  of  mound  2. 
From  general  diggings  of  mound  1 . 
Prom  general  diggings  of  mound  3. 


diggings  of  camp  trench. 

Fig.  7  (2(>-t03a). 
around  tli?  lower  end. 
of  mound  I. 

Fig.      8   (20-405a). 
IKMslbly      .-t  of  a  snare. 

FlF      J  (20-712a). 


geno^  i.igglngs  of  mrund  2. 


Fragment  of  a  spatulate  object  made  of   bone.     From   general 

Fragment  of  a  spatulate  object  made  of  bone  with  an  Incision 
There  is  mineral  depooit  on  the  fragment.     From  general  diggings 

Section  cut  from  a  whole  bono  the  edges  of  which  are  polished. 
From  general  diggings  of  m    jid  1. 
Section  cut  from  a  whole  bo"<  .  pofisibl^  part  of  a  snare.     From 


Fig.   10  (2«>-407a). 
possibly  part  of  a  snare. 

Fig.   11    (20-730a). 
mound  2. 

Fig.   12  (20-898). 

Fig.   13  (20-1175). 
of  camp  trench. 

Fig.  14  (20-741).     Sharpened  splint  from  deer  leg.  possibly  used  as  a  fish  hook.     From 
general  diggings  of  moimd  2. 

Fig.  16  (20-250).     Fragment  of  pottery  showing  impression  of  net  such  as  may  have 
Ijeen  used  for  flahing.     Prom  general  diggings  of  mound  1. 


Section  cut  from  a  whole  bone  the  edges  of  which  are  polished. 
From  general  diggings  of  mound  t. 
Grooved  flsh  hook   made   of  bone.     From   general   diggings   of 

Fish  hook  made  of  bone.     From  left  pelvis  of  skeleton  105,  mound  2. 
Grooved  or  incised  flsh  hook  made  of  bone.     From  general  diggings 


AVTHHIII'.    I»ip.   A     M     \     II 


Vc.l..    VI,    I'l.ATK    XXI. 


Fish 

und  1. 
und  1. 
and  2. 
imd  1. 
imd3. 
eneni 

dsion 

Ished. 
From 
iahed, 
gs  of 
ind2. 

From 
have 


1 


JJJ 

II  12        13 


8 


I 


10 


1+ 


Imi'I.kmk.\ts  fou  Sku  hi\.;  Foo 


iPaKf    I.S5> 


H 


il 


Imhi.hi- 


dteSoiiS^T      '^'"»  ""'*«"*«"' "«''t«'»y  Chert.  po«ib.y.ta,re.     P™™  ^er.1 
»enJ?diiS;  oVlund?'^  "^  °'  """•"'"'•  '"-'"^  «  '«'"*'  "  '"^  ««per.     K™™ 


\NTHHOP.    |»AP    A.   >l.    X.    H. 


v.. I..  VI.  I' 


I  «Tr  XXII. 


I 


>ONa. 
leral 
'roin 
inift 
:nir« 

Mit. 

twn 


1 


I.MPI.EMKNTS    I  SKI,    rx    FnKiVMUN,;    F..OI). 
'  PaKf   iH'.i, 


Pl^M   XXIIf.      OBiK*.    D.ED    IX    FlarABIKQ    FooD  -  C.A-COAL   AKO    PoTTMT. 

n«.  1  ao~aa^).    CtemMl.    mm  gmenl  dlntan  or  mooiMt  I 

doo«  of-  o.2^^'  J!l!T^*  fj^!^  •*•**  •«**  •«•  ««««ta«  that  oooidiic  w« 
ooae  over  opm  Orai.    FMoi  ganena  diali«i  of  mound  I  —~-»  w«« 

dl.irtSor^J'Sl*.''''"^*  Of  pomry  .to^  W.U.  ddl«  hota.    ,r,«n 


*MIII »»,!•       \      M       \       II 


\    •!     *  I     V<  y,t    Will 


l:r 


!:i: 


i 


i 


1 


<)liJK(TS    ISKU    IX    I'KKI>.\Ul.\<i    F< 


M>U. 


4  -i' 


PlaTK   XXIV.      POTTKKT  —  TbHPIBINO   AND   MaKUFACTDBB. 


From    general 


Potsherd    abowlng    shell    tempering    material. 

Potsherd  showioK  cracked  surface.      From  general  OlggingB  of 

Portion  of  a  pot  rim  of  rough  ware.     Prom  general  diggings  of 


Fig.  1  (20-247a). 
diggings  of  mound  1. 

Fig.  2  r20-«04a). 
mound  2. 

Pig.     3   (20-238a). 

mound  1. 

Fig.  4  (2&-240a).  Portion  of  a  pot  rim  with  punched  perforation  probably  tOr  sus- 
pension.    From  general  dii^Kings  of  mound  1. 

Fig.  5  (20-26«a).  Portion  of  a  pot  rim  showing  drilled  perforation  probably  for 
suspension.     From  general  diggings  of  raoimd  I . 

Fig.  6  (20-2S6b).  Portion  of  a  pot  rim  showing  large  modeled  perforation  probably 
for  suspension.     Prom  general  diggings  of  mound  1. 

Fig.  7  (2(>-630a).  Pot  handle  showing  method  of  attachment.  From  general  diggings 
of  mound  2  °°    " 

Fig.  8  (20-612a).  Portion  of  a  pot  rim  showing  fold  of  day  and  small  lug.  From 
general  diggings  of  mound  2. 

Fig.     9  (20-53a).     PorUon  of  a  pot  rim  showing  small  lug.     From  surface  of  ffcrm 

Pig.  10  (20-227).  Fragment  of  pot  rim  showing  lug  made  up  of  two  horizontal  ridges. 
From  general  diggings  of  mound  1. 

Fig.  11  (20-fl30b).     Fragment  of  a  pot  rim.     From  general  diggings  of  mound  2. 


.\\TiiKi)|..  I'm.,  a.  M.  \.  If. 


V.M.  VI.  I" 


1    »TK    XXIV, 


OTTKHV         TkMI>KHI.\<;    AM)    MAMFAfTt 


RE. 


I  -  i 


'* 


iyjiil. 


I 


1- 

ii 


Pl^TB  XXV.      PoTTBBt  —  SlOWpia  TbaCU   Of  MAMCrACTUmB. 

Fig.  1  (30-616).    PoUherd  Bhowtag  Imprewlon  of  line  Mtttog.    From  iwier»l  dlgfli 

Fig.  2  (ao-342b).    Potriwrd  ibowliig  ImpreMlon  of  nettiiig.    From  geneni  dlggli 

of  mound  1.  .        .  .•       ni. 

Fig.  3  (ao-240b).    Potirtiert   ahowlng   ImpreHlon   of  cord   wrapped   pMldle.    mr 

generkl  diggings  of  mound  1.  , 

Pig.  4  (20-243C).    PoUherd   showing   impreMton    of  cord   wrapped  paddle    p»i 

smoothed  down  befure  firing.    From  genenJ  digging' of  mound  1.  

Fig.  6  (2O-601B).     Potsherd  showing  line*       .greatly  modded   to  represent  c 

markings.    Prom  general  diggings  of  mound  2. 

Fig.  6  (20-801b).     PotJrtierd  showing  impression  of  carved   paddle.  From  gene 

iiigglng«  of  mound  2. 


enl  dlggins* 
enJ  dlcgin«a 
iddle.  Prom 
tddle  partly 
present  cord 
from   general 


ANTHRor.  Pir.  .\.  M.  N.  H. 


V<>i..  VI.  l»u»T»:  XXV. 


POTTERV    -  ShoWINc;   Tka.Es   „k   MaXIFACTIKK. 
(Page   191) 


i  i 


Platb  XXVI.     PoTTHT  —  Rims  with  Lvoa. 

Fig    1  (ao-«14).  Prom  ■enenl  dinliisii  of  mound  3. 

PIC-  2  (ao-aita).  Prom  gcacnl  dlgglini  of  mound  I. 

Pig.  3  (ao-aao).  Pram  laaanl  dlggfaici  of  mound  1. 

Pig.  4  (ai>-S13»).   .  Pram  geoenU  digging!  at  mound  3. 

Pig.  S  (ao-«13b).  Prom  genana  dlgglnga  of  mound  3. 

Pig.  e  (30-1  late).  Prom  geoeral  digging!  of  enrnp  trench. 

Pig.  7  (30-1047»).  Pram  gcoer*!  dlgghigi  of  mound  S. 

Pig.  8  (30-331).  Pram  gvncnl  digglngi  of  mound  1. 


Asrmn'  Pm>.  .\   M    N.  H. 


V<u.  VI.  l>i.«Tr  XXVI. 


-=5 


i 


I'OTTKKV  —  Kims   with    J.KiS. 
'I'aitc    101) 


I  i 


in 


I         I 


M 


SI  I 


m 

n 

1 

[     !         : 

j 

^    -       ! 

1     '        ' 

Plats  XXVII.    Pottbbt  —  Rii»  with  Luqs. 


FIR.  1 
Ftg.  2 
Fig.  3 
Fig.  4 
Fig  5 
Fig.  6 
Fig.  7 
Fig.  8 


(ao-aiSa).  From  goieral  dlgglngg  of  mound  1. 

(20-1 12Ab)  Fnm  general  digging*  of  camp  trencb. 

(20-21Sb).  From  general  diggings  of  mound  1 

(20-261a).  From  general  dlgglngg  of  mound  1. 

(20-223a^.  From  general  diggings  of  mound  1. 

(20-1 126c).  From  general  diggings  of  camp  trench. 

(20-1126d).  From  general  diggings  of  camp  trencb. 

(20-214a).  Prom  genera]  diggings  of  mound  ) 


AVTHHOI'     I'M'     A     M      \      II. 


V..1..   VI,    I'HTK   XXVII. 


J 


FoTTKHY     -  HiMs    WITH    l.riiS. 
<Pait>-   1!)2) 


In 


^H: 


.   S 


-*    »   I       11    I   !■*. 


Fig. 
Fig. 
Ffg. 
Fig. 
Fig. 
tig.  6 
Fig.  7 
Fig.  8 


Platb  XXVin.     PoTTKar— BiMB  with  Lcob. 


(20-1224). 

(20-1308a). 

(20-224a). 

(20-226). 

(20-611). 

(20-225). 

(20-610a). 

(2O-609a). 


From  general  diggings  among  blllside  graves. 
From  over  grave  194.  embankment  of  sink  hole. 
From  general  diggings  of  mound  t. 
From  general  dlg^gs  of  mound  1. 
From  general  diggings  of  mound  2. 
From  general  diggings  of  mound  1. 
From  general  diggings  of  mound  2. 
li^om  general  diggings  of  mound  2. 


Anthh.  |.    |>,i..    X    M    X    II. 


\  "I..  VI.  f\\,f    XXVIII. 


j^^r:  4'' 


I'lrnKHV        HiM.s   will,    I,,  <;s. 


if 


;  *!    In 


♦     fii 


lii 


.-it-'l 


Plats  XXIX.     Pottbbt  —  Hamdlm. 


Vlg.  I  (20-194).  Prom  gananl  '''W'tp  of  mound  1. 

Fig.  2  (2&-199*).  Prom  gaaorml  dlggliici  of  mound  1. 

Pig.  3  (20-207).  Prom  lenerml  digginai  ot  mound  1. 

Pig.  4  (20-300).  Pram  gHMral  digging!  ot  mound  1. 


Anthnop   J', IV  A    M    N    H 


\»i    VI,  I'l  ,r.  XXIX. 


I'oTTKRY  —  HaNDLKS. 
I  Page   192) 


I 

PI:  i  S| 


■  i 


PlaTB  XXX.      POTTEIT—  Hanole*. 


rig-  1  (no-mi). 

rig.  2  (20-8Q3a). 
Fig.  3  (20-21  !•) 
FJg.  4  (20-2Ub). 
Fig.  S  (20-261  b). 
Fig.  6  (20-213). 
Fig.  7  (20-214m) 


From  gwwrml  diggings  of  mound  2. 
From  gencrml  dinlnci  of  mound  2. 
From  gmierai  digging!  of  mound  1. 
From  general  digging!  of  mound  1. 
From  general  digging!  of  mound  1. 
From  generki  digging!  of  mound  1. 
From  »r*'ner»l  digging*  of  mound  I. 


.\%tM»"l-.   I'lf     \     M     \     II. 


*  "1    VI    I'l  ,r»  X.XX. 


r>>ITKKV  IIaNDI.KS 

cv-i'  i!t:i) 


f^ll 


PtATB  XXXI.     Tools  csed  bt  Mem  —  Celts. 
«e,  eSTdlgii'^orroun/J"^''^"'  •*'*  "'""  "'  *"»'*'«  '-•*»''  '^-  '^-^^-    Fton. 

..ow2p^.^^;^''^.„^^rras.T^^^^^    •-''■^-  -•>-•  --"•  •- 

mound  2.  '  ''^•''*''^-  ''^"'«"^*'»«  «=•"*  8«>»n<i  out  of  stone.  Fn,m  general  digging,  of 
moun^^a.  '  ^'^■"'-  ^>°"»«''««"  «=«'»  8r6und  out  of  stone.  F„,n,  general  digging,  of 
80.  id^!""'**"'-  ^^^"""■^''*«"  «=«'»  S-und  out  Of  diabase.  From  right  of  skeleton 
sente^bySorF^'eHckTBr.^tr"''*'"^''"''^-  «'«'- ^^-urface  of  fann.  Pre- 
deposU^-  ^^S^  diSgrormTunr^  ""'  °^  "^^  '"^''  °'  •^'•'-^  •--"«  "--" 
mlne^de^r^L'^  J^^t^T^r'^^.r''''  ""'' '-""''  °"*  °"  "- 

dlgg'^ofVotd"?!-     "'^^'^^'^'  ->»  «'«'>•-*  out  Of  brown  jasper.     Fr.  al 

ofmS^d'r"^""^-    ^^•»«'««*'<*lt  or  adze  made  Of  antler.     From  genial  diggings 


AxTHHiii'.  I'ac.  a    M.  X    II 


v.. I     VI.  P 


I   >TK    XXXI. 


From 
also 
gs  of 
gs  of 
leton 
Pre- 
leral 
Mng 
al 
ings 


'I'nui.s    rsKI)    liv    .Mk\. 
'  I'ucf  p.ir.i 


if 

ii 
'I 


ill 


Platb  XXXII.     Tools  dibo  bt  Mbn  —  Hammbbs  akb  Pittbd  SToid*. 

Fig.  1  (20-1092*).  Pebble  cblpped  and  battered  ftom  use  M  » tMunmer.  From  general 
dlgglngB  of  camp  trench. 

Fig.  2  (20-S59a).  Pebble  chipped  and  battered  from  use  aa  a  hammer,  bearing  mineral 
deposit.    From  general  diggings  of  mound  2. 

Fig.  3  (ao-688a).  Pebble  battered  in  facets,  from  use  as  a  hammer.  From  general 
diggings  of  mound  2. 

Fig.  4  (20-533a).  Hammerrtone  slightly  pitted  on  each  side.  From  general  diggings 
of  mound  2. 

Hg.  6  (20-1090a).  Hammerstone  deeply  pitted  on  each  side.  From  general  diggings 
of  camp  trrach. 

Fig.  6  (20-6).     Hammnstone  having  double  pita  on  each  side      Prom  surface  of  farm. 

Fig.  7  (2&-18).     Fragment  of  limestone  bearing  pecked  pit.     From  surttee  of  farm. 


A.NTHR.IP.    PaI-.    a.   M.   X.    H. 


Vol..  VI.  l'i,AT»:  XXXII. 


Tools  iskd  «v  Mk.v. 
iPb(i<>   190) 


^ 

A 


!^,: 


iMaaMHMMaaiM 


Plats  XXXIII.    Tools  dmd  mi  Man  —  Wibtctoiim,  Obootio  8tomm,  Kmivu. 

Dmlm,  are. 


J- 

i 


BitriMd  wtaatatoM  nuule  of  gk1t«tone.     From  general  dlgginiis  of 
WheutoiM  of  eeit  ahape  made  ot  gray  Muuiitone.     From  gMipral 


for 


Fig.     1  (90-M7*). 
moawl  2. 

Fig-     2  (20~966). 
*"ff*tr  of  mouiid  3. 

Fig.  3  (20-27a).  OrooT«d  flragmat  of  light  brown  Muutotone,  prob«blr  nn  arrow 
•h»n  «mootlMr.    Ftom  •urflMse  of  term. 

Fig.    4  (20-100*).    InolMd  flragment  of  light  brown  MUdstone.  probkbly  umd 
•hariMiUng  boo*  awta  and  dmllar  objeeti.     From 'general  digglngi  of  mound  1 . 

Fig.  S  (20-S64).  Fragment  of  gray  Umertone  of  cub-trUngulM:  pyramidal  form 
bearing  a  longitudinal  groove  In  one  tide,  poMlbly  an  arraw-ahaft  smoother  or  for  sharponlcg 
bone  awli  and  similar  objects.     FVom  general  Higytng.  of  mound  2. 

Fig.  6  (20-28).  Fragment  of  purplish  brown  sandstone  resembling  one  end  of  an 
arrow-shaft  smoother  of  seml-cyllndricat  form  with  rounded  ends  and  having  a  longitudinal 
groove  in  the  middle  of  the  flat  side.     From  surface  of  fkrm. 

Fig.  7  (20-7a5).  Fragment  of  a  chisel  made  of  the  meUtarsus  of  a  doer.  From 
below  south  top  stone  of  grave  tO.  mound  2. 

Fig.  8  (20-I14A).  Cylindrical  object  with  pointed  end  made  of  antler.  From  general 
diggings  of  camp  trench. 

Fig.  9  (20-654S).  Cylindrical  object  of  antlor,  posriMy  a  flaker.  From  general 
diggings  of  mound  2. 

Fig.  10  (20-053).  Section  of  antler  with  ends  rounded  and  ridge  scraped  smooth, 
possibly  a  flaker  or  onftnished  ImUto  handle.     From  general  Mfgtvtgm  of  mound  2. 

Fig.  11  (20-389a).  Ix>wer  Incisor  of  a  beaver  with  the  base  cut  off  by  grooving  and 
breaking  and  the  Inner  surface  gouged  out,  probably  used  as  a  knlfb.  From  general  diggings 
of  mound  1. 

Fig.  12  (20-38tfb).  Ix>wer  Incisor  of  a  beaver  with  the  base  cut  off  by  grooving  and 
breaking  and  the  inner  surface  gouged  out,  probably  used  as  a  knife.  From  general  diggings 
of  mound  1. 

Fig.  13  (20-707a).  I»wer  incisor  of  a  beaver  with  the  base  cut  off  by  grooving  and 
breaking,  the  inner  surface  gouged  out  and  the  othw  surfaces  highly  polished  fh>m  use, 
probably  as  a  knife.     From  general  diggings  of  mound  2. 

Fig.  14  (20-706).  The  exterior  portton  of  the  cutting  edge  of  a  beaver  tooth  cut  out 
along  the  sides  and  base,  probably  used  as  a  knlfb.    From  general  dlgginga  of  mound  2. 

Fig.  IS  (20-fi83b).  Point  chipped  ftom  yeUowlsb  chert,  the  end  of  which  is  rubbed 
smooth  possibly  trom  use  as  a  knife.     From  general  diggings  of  mound  2. 

Fig.  16  (20-12l9a).  Chip  of  chalcedony  such  as  was  probably  used  in  cutting.  Prom 
among  general  diggings  of  the  hillside  graves. 

Fig.  17  (20-igOa).  Point  for  a  drill  chipped  from  mottled  gray  and  yellowish  chalce- 
dony.    Ftom  general  diggings  of  mound  1. 

Fig.  18  (2O-807).  Point  for  a  drill  chipped  from  gray  chert.  From  general  diggings 
of  mound  2. 

Fig.  19  (20-lOOb).  Point  for  driU  chipped  ftom  pink  chalcedony.  From  general 
diggings  of  mound  1. 


Amiih..!'    I'>r    AM    N    M 


V..1     \  I,  I'l  ,1,    X.WIM 


18     J9 


Toill-S    I  SKI)    HV    Mk\. 


Mil  it 

III  If 


.•  V     ! 


HI 


P1.AT1:  XXXIV.     Tools  uskd  bt  Wombm  —  ScBAraBs,  Awlr,  amo  Nbiolbh. 

riK.  1  (2CH*Sc).  SymmetrlcBl  chipped  point  of  pinkish  ch»lc«lony  rubbed  smooth 
probably  from  use  w  a  slda  scraper.     From  surface  of  fcrm. 

KiB  2  (20-31.5).  sltln  scraper  made  of  the  metatarsus  of  a  deer.  From  general 
dininss  of  mound  1. 

Fig.  3  (20-348a).  Awl  made  of  the  proximal  part  of  the  Ursometatarsus  of  a  wild 
turkey.     From  general  digglniis  of  mound  1. 

Fig.  4  (20-681).  Awl  made  of  the  proximal  part  of  the  tarsometatarsus  of  a  wild 
turkey  ornamented  with  six  notches  and  highly  polished  trom  use.  From  general  diinin«i 
of  mound  2. 

Fig.  6  (20-«75).  Awl  with  highly  polished  point  made  of  the  distal  part  of  the  tlblo- 
tarsus  of  a  wild  turkey.     From  general  digghigs  of  mound  2.     (See  Plate  xl.  Fig.  14.) 

Fig.  a  (20-364a).  Awl.  highly  polished  trom  use,  made  of  the  proximal  part  of  the 
tibio-tarsua  of  a  wild  turkey.     From  general  diggings  of  mound  1. 

Fig.  7  (20-676).  Awl.  highly  polished  from  use.  made  of  the  proximal  part  of  the 
tlbio-tarsus  of  t  wild  turkey,  and  ornamented  with  eight  notches.  From  general  diggings 
of  mound  2. 

Fig.  8  (20-722a).  Awl  made  of  a  n-agment  of  a  long  bone  of  a  quadruped.  From 
general  diggings  of  mound  2. 

Fig.  g  (20-3e0a).  Awl  or  unflnished  needle  made  of  a  fragment  of  the  tong  bone  of 
a  bird,  bearing  mineral  deposit.     From  i<eneral  diggings  of  mound  1 

Fig.  10  (20-400).  Fragment  of  an  object  made  of  bone,  probably  an  awl  From 
general  diggings  of  mound  1. 

Fig.  11  (2O-740a).  Splint  from  the  leg  of  a  deer,  possibly  used  as  an  awl  From 
general  diggings  of  mound  2. 

Fig.  13  (20-1151).  Awl  made  from  the  distal  end  of  the  metatarsus  of  a  deer  Prom 
Koneral  diggings  of  camp  trench.     (See  Plate  xl.  Fig.  4.) 

Fig.  13  (20-362a).  Awl  made  from  the  longitudinal  half  of  the  distal  end  of  the  meta- 
tantus  of  a  deer.     From  general  diggings  of  mound  1. 

Fig.  14  (20-832).  Awl  made  of  about  one  half  of  the  proximal  end  of  the  metatarsus 
«f  »  doer.     FYom  left  hand  of  skeleton  74.  mound  2. 

Fig.  l.'S  (20-722b).     Awl  made  of  a  bone.     From  general  diggings  of  mound  2. 

Fig.  1«  (20-1171).  Highly  polished  object  made  of  a  portion  of  the  long  lione  of  a 
blnl.  possibly  an  unfinislied  needle.     From  general  diggings  of  camp  trench. 

KIg.  17  (20- 723a).  Needle  maMe  of  bone  with  an  eye.  Frtjm  general  diggings  of 
mound  2.  =  »»    i»" 


t*    l£ 


AXTHKHP.  I*\p.  A.  M.  X.  II. 


Vol..  VI.  PuTh  XXXIV. 


J^    16      17 


Tools  isKi)  nv  Women 
Pago  200) 


m 


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Platb  XXXV.     Tools  vbed  bt  Women  —  Awl». 

PIff.  1  (W-670«).  Awl  made  of  the  proximal  part  of  (tie  ulna  of  a  young  elk.  From 
iteneral  digginei  of  mound  2. 

Fig.  2  (2U-6e7a).  Highly  polished  awl  made  of  the  proximal  part  of  the  ulna  of  a  deer. 
From  general  diggings  of  mound  2. 

Fig.  3  (20-6a8a).  Awl  made  of  the  proximal  part  of  the  ulna  of  a  deer  with  the  bane 
smoothed  off.     From  general  diggings  of  mound  2. 

Fig.  4  (20-34ea).  Awi  made  of  pubis  bone  of  the  black  bear.  From  general  diggings 
of  mound  1. 

Fig.  a  (30-4im).  Awl  made  of  the  pathologteal  ulna  of  the  Mack  bear.  From  general 
diggings  of  mtnmd  2. 

Fig.  n  (20-347).     Awl  made  of  the  ulna  of  a  lynx.     From  general  diggings  of  mound  i. 


^M: 


y, 

u 
a 

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a 


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Pl-AT.   XXXVI.      P«„c.«IM    or  M4II0FACTD..  -  R„,>«„   A,„   CirTTI»0. 

c»«p'"frJh!'*'""^'-    ^""^  '*^**^"  "^"^  •^•-    *^  "^"-^   ««««»«.  Of 
r^-^dilTof  ^o'uni^  "-""  "'  '  '^«»  "^  •»»»->  with  ,p«u«,  ed^Xi; 

pom  "^.^'S^'^aJiril?!  '^'^*'  -^  "'  •-"  "»- «"  •  --•  '•»-  «-«' 

FronnHm^l'SSS  or  I'JT.:'""'  '*^'**  "''•'  "'  "^  •^'  '"»"  •"-«•  -  —  «^-- 

Fte    12  ^7^,      f^  ^         K  5      "^"^  «^'*'  <»lK"ta«»  of  mound  1. 

^^^-^iiTc^M^S'?  ""•"  ^'"'^"«  ^^«-  -«»  •°'«"«««»*'   «""^-     From 
moun'?*!."  ^'^'°*'-     «««•"««•"•  P««»  «"  out  of  bone.     F«.m  genenU  dl„in»i  of 

of  moil  3.  ^'*^'°~^-  "•"  °'  '"'•  ■"""^"«  "'»•'"'  -'^  •-  ™»  "«  ^-"-  ««•- •  dl«hi*. 
dU»So7n!^*'-  ^'^''  ^"'  °'  *  "^^  »''-'"«  -'  «-»v,««.  Kron.  genera. 
^^^^  18  (20-384).  T.P  cut  from  canine  tooth  of  a  bear.  F.x.m  general  dtaging,  of 
of  ni"  ^**"*^^  '^°'  °'  '"*'"  '*°*'^  trHn,ven«  citing.  F«,m  general  digging. 
<iJS:^,^X^  "•**  "'  •""•"•  ■""'^  »«««itudln.l  cutUng.  Krt,n.  general 
Fig.  21  (20-980).    Weceofantlershowlngcutedge.     From  general  diggings  of  mounds. 


Anthrop.  I»»I'.  a.  M.  X.  II. 


Vol.    VI.  Pi.,TK  XX.XVI. 


i 


Prikesses  or  Ma.nlfactire. 
(Paw  2or» 


I 


"I 

;  1  1=1 

'  '  '  li| 

^  ^'-   f 

s  f    i' 

!i        I 


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iH-AVr  XXXVII.     PiifK'KMK«  or  MAHcrA' tcbi  —  DmibUHo.  PuMcaiiia,  Cairri.tu,  axd 

PEt  iiMn. 


Kiff.     1  (a»-tSO«).    RMdrtoM  with  (irill«<d  holp.     from  itcnml  dlinriiuPi  of  moiuul  I. 

KtR.     2  (W-nV).     »late  ■kowimt  driUed  hulo.     Krom  item<rml  dlKKlixm  of  tiMMimi  I 

Pig.    H  iM-mrn).    Fotterjr  ahowim  drilUiw.     From  nenvral  diKvlmo  uf  luuund  I. 

Pi«.     4  CJO-i'Mm).     HiieB  ihowtaiR  driUlni.     From  Bcnml  dlminjcs  of  inound  1. 

Fig.    »  (30-73B).    Bone  liiowliiR  ftrUllBg.     Prom  goicral  dladmni  <>r  nuxiiui  3. 

Fig.  «  (MV-asft).  Caataie  tooth  of  ■  black  be*r  ■howing  drllUng  Prom  guwral 
dlggingB  of  mound  2 

Pig.  7  (20-aU3m).  Caalnt  tuoth  of  •  anwil  camlror  ahowiiiK  <lrllHnK.  From  graenil 
iliKglngB  of  motUKi  1. 

Pig.  H  (20-39te).  Indaor  of  an  elk  ■bowing  drilling  From  xeneni  diggings  r 
nwund  1. 

Fig.  9  (20-700).  Canine  tooth  of  an  rik  ihowing  drilUng.  From  acritvai  dlggingn 
of  mound  2. 

Fig.  10  (20-aee).  Pragmmt  of  turtle  iihell  ahowing  drill  iiik.  Fmm  Kt'n<  ral  diggingii 
of  mound  2. 

Fig.  11  (20-312«).  Fragment  of  antkr  ithowlng  drilUng.  From  general  diggings  of 
mound  1. 

Pig  12  (2(>-90U).  P'Jnt  for  drill  made  of  yeilowl»h  chalcedony.  From  general 
diggingi  of  mound  a. 

Fig.  la  (2O-40a).     Longitudinal  fragmt-nt  of  tlmeittonc  pipt    Hliowing  cores  left  by 

holk>w  drill.  Pram  surfkce  of  fhrm.     {.Hve  Plate  xlvi.  Fig.  !i.) 

Fig.  14  (20-51a).  Pragment  of  pottery  showing  punched  holm.  Prom  Hurfaoe  of 
farm. 

Fig.  15  CJtH.'iSac).  Leaf-shaped  object  of  -halcedoiiysljowinB  chipping.  From  general 
diggings  of  miiimd  ■?. 

Fig.  16  (20-97la).  Disc  of  pottery  showing  chipping.  Prom  general  diggings  of 
mound  3. 

Fig.   17  i2(>-12:ia).     Poll  of  celt  showing  pecltlng.     From  general  digging!)  of  mound  1. 


ANtHN-p.  I»»c    \    M    N    H. 


\"i    VI    I'l  »r»   XX.W  II. 


7         ^8       ^  W 


I 


I'UlM  KSSKS   OK    MaMKMTI  KK. 


m 


m 


HI 


1  ■ 

1  ■ 

f  ^ 

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t 

i 


!  I  1 


PbATC  XXXVIII. 


MANVrACTUMB  —  1' MKTS  CaiPFBD  OUT  OF  StORB   AND  PoiMTS  BUBBKO 

uvT  or  Ahtlbb. 


Vic-     1  (ao-A79»).    Fngment  of  chaloedonjr  from  which  piecm  have  been  chipped. 
I'rom  senersl  Afnjnti  of  mound  2. 

Fig.     3  (30-iao*).     Hunmer,  poaribly  uaed  in  ciilpirfnK.     From  (cnenl  disgin^  of 
mound  1. 

Pll.    »  (20-42b.  c).     ChlpB.     F)rom  wrftMse  of  tmrm. 

Pll.     4  (20-581B).     VnllniBhed  object  made  by  chipping  with  •  hammer  pebble  such 
aa  waa  flnlahed  by  Haking.    From  general  diggingw  of  mound  2. 

Fig.     5  (20-416a).     Cylinder  i^  antler  poaaibly  uaed  aa  a  llaker.     From  general  digging!) 
of  mound  1. 

Fig.    0  (a0-4ad,  e).     FUOcea.     Fran  surfkce  of  term. 

Fig.    7  (aO-lSBc).     FInialMd  aenated  point  for  an  arrow  made  of  gray  chalcedony  by 
chlpiring  and  flaking.    From  general  diggings  of  mound  1. 

Fig.    8  (SM>-327a).     Prong  broken  hnm  antler.     Prom  general  diggings  of  mound  1. 

Fig.     9  CilMSSOa).     Flake  of  chert  such  as  may  have  been  uaed  for  cutting  antler. 
From  KenenU  digglnsi  of  mound  2. 

Kig.  10  (20-82S).     Prong   broken  from   antler,   with   transverse  cut  started.     From 
eighteen  indies  above  skeleton  70,  moimd  2. 

Fig.  11  (20-334a)      Tip  of  antkr  showing  transvene  cutting.     From  gen««l  diggings 
of  mound  I. 

Fig.  12  (20-320a,  680).     Prong  of  antler  and  tip  removed  by  transverse  cutting  and 
breaking.     From  general  diggings  of  mounds  1  and  2. 

Fig.  13  (20-637).     Tip  cut  and  broken  from  prong  of  deer    .itler.     From  general 
diggings  of  moimd  3. 

Fig.  14  (20-M6). 
diggings  of  mound  2. 

Fig.  15  (20-638).     Tip  cut  and  broken  fhim  antler  and  sharpened  on  sandstone  or  by 
scraping  with  a  stone  flake.    From  general  diggings  of  mound  2. 

Fig.  16  (30-688a).     Drill  point  chipped  ftam  chatoedony  such  as  was  used  in  driUing 
hole  in  base  of  antler  tip.     From  general  diggings  of  mound  2. 

Fig.  17  (ao-077b).     Tip  of  antler  cut  and  broken  ftom  pnmg  sharpened  on  sandstone 
and  drilled  in  base  for  the  reception  of  an  arrow-shaft.     FrtMn  general  diggings  of  mound  3. 

Fig.  18  (20-1 142a).     Finished  arrow  point  made  of  antler  and  cut  around  the  ba-se 
with  stone  flake  to  form  barb.    From  general  rtiggfaig*  of  camp  trench. 

Fig.  19  (a0-1143b).     Tip  of  antler  showing  whittUng  with  such  an  object  as  a  flake  of 
stone.     From  general  diggings  of  camp  trench. 

Fig.  20  (20-1142C).     Tip  of  antler  showing  whittling  with  such  an  object  as  a  flake  of 
stone.     From  general  diggings  of  camp  trench. 

Fig.  21  (20-1142d).    Tip  of  antler  showing  wtriattons  of  a  drill.     From  general  diggings 
of  camp  trench. 


Sandstone  such  as  was  tised  for  sharpening  antler.     From  general 


AsTHROF.  Pav.  a.  M.  X,  H. 


Vol.  VI,  Pi.ATe  XXXVm. 


of 

ilCll 
OKS 

by 

ter. 
om 
ngs 
tnd 
ml 
ml 
by 
ing 
me 

of 

Of 
IgS 


'Si 

iia 
1-1 


MAMKAITrKK. 


m 


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■«   ' 


m 


Plat*  XXXIX.     Mancpactubc  —  Pibr  Books  of  Bowc  and  Celt*  o»  Ahtlei. 

VUs.     1  (aO-749a).     Humonu  of  a  turtce}-.     From  Kenend  dinlnsR  of  mound  2. 

Fig.  2  (ao-18a»).  Chip  of  chert  nich  m  m«y  have  been  uaed  for  cuttUtg  bone  of  a 
turkey.    From  general  dlgglnga  of  mound  1. 

Pig.  3  (20-aA5a).  Humenia  of  a  turkey  firom  whteh  rectangular  piece  has  been  cut 
From  general  dlgglnga  of  mound  1. 

Fig.  4  (2(>-3<t5b).  Humerus  of  a  turkey  from  mbkh  rectangular  piece  has  been  cut. 
From  general  diggings  of  mound  1. 

Pig.    5  (20-738a).    Piece  cut  ft<om  bird  bone.     Prom  general  diggings  of  mound  2. 

Pig.  6  (20-igOc>.  Drill  point  chipped  from  chert,  such  as  may  have  bera  used  for 
drilling  bone.    Prran  general  diggings  ot  mound  1. 

Pig.  7  (20-738a).  Fragment  of  bone  showing  where  ends  have  been  drilled.  Prom 
general  diggings  of  mound  2. 

Pig  8  (2fr-730b).  Pish  hook  made  ofplece  of  bone  by  driUIng  holes  !n  ends  and  cutting 
From  general  diggings  of  mound  2. 

Pig.  9  (20-730C).  Pish  hook  made  of  piece  of  bone  by  cutting  out  Interior.  Prom 
fcraeral  diggings  of  mound  2. 

Pig.  10  (20-366).  Piece  of  bone  or  antler  rounded  at  the  end  with  drilled  pit  In  the 
center  near  this  end  and  a  scraped  groove,  poeslbly  In  process  of  manulkcture  into  a  flsh 
hook.     From  general  diggings  of  mound  1. 

Fig.  H  (20-580b).  Chlpofchakndony  such  as  may  have  been  used  for  cutting  antlor. 
From  general  diggings  of  mound  2. 

Fig.  12  (20-298).  Piece  of  antler  grooved  longltudinaUy,  probably  with  a  chipped 
stone.     From  general  diggings  of  mound  1. 

Fig.  13  (20-138a).  Piece  of  light  brown  sandstone  possibly  used  for  grindlnit  antler. 
From  general  diggings  of  mound  1. 

Fig.  14  (20-31  lb).  Finished  celt  cut  longitudinally  from  a  piece  of  antler  and  ground 
mn<Mi»h.     From  general  diggings  of  mound  1. 


Anth Pah.  a.  M    \    H. 


V..1.  VI.  I'l  ,11  XXXIX. 


M AM  KA<  TI  UK. 
iPam-    1S7) 


f' 


IL 

ii 


Platc  XL.     MANcrACTCiia  —  SciAPBn  amd  Awl*  hadb  or  Boai. 

rtg.     1  (ao-a80k).    Metannwl  of  •  dear.    Fran  gMMral  dloliigi  oT  aMNind  3.      . 

Fig.    3  (aO-MDk).    Chip  of  jMper  which  may  hare  bean  UMidftireut tine  bcwe.     Vimm 
feneral  dlMiiiga  of  mound  3. 

FiR.    3  (90-31ta).    Ftacmeot  of  ■  acraper  nude  ftam  tlw  metMrnraw  of  •  derr. 
From  leneral  digRinv  of  mooiid  1. 

ng.    4  (90-llSl).     Awl  made  from  the  dlatal  end  of  the  metolwaiM  of  •  deer.     I^tm 
Reneral  dlggiima  of  cMnp  trench.     (See  Plate  xxxit.  FIff.  12.) 

FiR.    ft  (ao-3aab).    Awl  made  of  half  of  the  dlatal  end  of  the  meMtaraus  of  a  deer. 
I^rom  general  dipsinsa  of  mooiid  1. 

FIr.     a  (20-lfl9b).     FraK'oent  of  yellowlah  aandatone  auch  aa  may  have  been^iaed  for 
grinding  and  aharpenJng  bone.     From  general  digginca  of  mound  I . 

Fig.    7  (a(MM)9a).    Vine  of  u  deer.     From  general  dlRglnga  of  mound  2. 

Awl  made  of  ulna  of  a  deer.     From  general  digginga  of  mfiund  2. 
'faraometataraua  of  a  wild  turicey     From  general  digginga  of 


Awl  made  of  the  taraometataraua  of  a  wlM  turicey.     From  general 


Fig.    8  (StMWTb). 

Fig.     9  (2(MI78a). 
mound  2. 

Fig.  10  (20-340a). 
digginai  of  mound  1. 

Fig.  11  (20-3S2a).     Awl  made  of  the  tarrometataraua  of  a  wild  turluty  ornamented 
with  four  notrhea.     From  general  diggings  of  mound  1. 

Fig.   12   (20-A72a).     Tibio-taraua  of  a  female  wild  tiu-key.     From  general  digginga  of 
mound  2. 

Fig.  13  (ao-e74a).     Awl  made  of  the  proximal  end  of  the  tibto-taraua  of  a  wild  turkey. 
From  general  digginga  of  mound  2. 

i<1g.  14  (20-07S).     Awl  made  of  the  ilistal  end  of  the  tihki-taniua  of  a  wUd  turkey. 
From  general  digginga  of  mound  2. 


Anthmop.  p*r.  A.  M.  V.  H. 


V"t.  VI.  PtAH  XL. 


M.VXIFAC  TiKK. 


i: 


Pl.AT«   XLt. 


MAKW*CTa-.-D..c.  o,  8TOM..  *kd  Po«mt. 


■"«-™'T.rs.rss,°uni-<.  ^  c.-.  -*  -  ■»'  •»•'  -"  -  ■" 
■""rrb-^r"  ssr.iKsi'zr.L— . »» -  - ..» -  -. 
'-■'n}'s«r='r!ir  srr^^"  -  -  >-  ■"  --"""  '"■■ 

■"-"r  nT«..    "».™.  .r  „.»,  CU.PX.  »»  d«  »™  -.  >«""  I"- 

or  iiuhumI  2. 


AXTHKOP.  |»AP.  A.  M.  X.  II. 


V.ll..    VI.    I'HTK    Xl.l. 


1 


Mav 


I  K\'TI  KM 


il'aKi'  Jllii 


s  I 


PLATK    XlAl.       MANUrAC'TlBE WhISTLE*.    BkaDK,    ETC.,    MADE    0»    BoXE. 


Mb. 

Klg 


cutting. 

rorating. 
Hg. 


Bbtl  bone  with  pwls  broken  off.     Prom  fcenerBl  diggings  of  moimd  2 
WiiisUti  made  of  bird  Ixme.     Krom  gnneral  diggings  of  mound  1, 
Drill  point  cliipped  from  atone.     From  general  diggings  of  moumi  U. 
Penis  bone  of  rmccoon.     From  gcnenU  diggings  of  mound  2. 
Penis  bone  of  raccoon  with  base  cut  off  and  tip  perforated.     Krom 


l^iS 


1  (2«>-713a). 

2  (20-413). 

3  (20-9610 

4  (ao-Odfia). 

6  (20-1106). 
general  diggings  of  camp  trencti. 

Jig.     6(20-719*1.     Piiaianx  of  det>r.     From  RunersI  diggings  of  mound  2. 

7  (20-42fn     Fragment  of  point  chipped  tram  chalcedony  such  as  was  used  for 
Krom  Hurfacx*  of  Ikrm. 

8  (20-»61b).     Drill  point  chipped  from  chalcedony  such  as  was  used  for  per- 
From  geoCTal  digging"  of  iiiuund  3. 

9  (2f>-721ai.     Phalanx  or  deer  with  proximal  end  cut  off  and  distal  end  perforated 
for  use  in  ring  UMl  pin  game.     Krom  general  diggings  of  mound  2 

Klg.  10  (20-3B71.     Tibia  of  small  mammal.     Krom  general  diggings  of  mound  1. 

Kig.  11  12<)-;JB8) .  Tll)la  of  small  mammal  from  which  end  has  been  cut.  Krom  general 
diggings  of  mound  1 

Iflg.  12  (20-7<H»)  PK«c»>  of  long  bone  from  which  end  has  been  cut,  incised  around  in 
order  to  remove  section  for  a  tiead.     From  general  dimlngs  of  mound  2. 

l-lg.  13  (20-410a).  End  of  long  bone  of  a  quadruped  ffom  which  end  has  been  cut. 
incised  around  in  order  to  cut  soction  for  a  bead.     Pix>m  general  diggings  of  mound  1 . 

Fig.  14  (2O-t07b).  Bead  made  ofsection  cut  from  a  bird  bone.  Krom  general  diggings 
of  mound  1. 

Fig.  15  (20-  Jlla)  Distal  end  of  a  humerus  fh)m  which  section  has  been  cut.  Krom 
gciirral  diggings  of  mound  1 . 

Klg.  16  f20-3I7).  Distal  end  of  roetaUrsus  of  deer  from  which  section  has  lieen  cut. 
Krom  general  diggings  of  mound  1 

K!k.  17  (2O-9fl0h).  ('hipped  polni  made  of  jhsfter.  such  as  may  have  been  used  for 
cutting  bone.     l''pom  general  diggings  of  moimd  3. 


Antbroh.  P»i'    \    M.  X.  H. 


v.. I..  VI,  P,.^^^.  XLII. 


t 


6 


8 


10      u 


M\\{  FACTIIU; 


11 


PlatbXUII      Oahu 

Fig.     I 

(20-4038). 

rut.   2 

(a0-417») 

H*.    3 

(ao-am») 

Fl«.     4 

(aO-37ta) 

Kig.     5 

(ao-37»a) 

Klg.    e 

(90-37M» 

FJf.     7 

(aO-379c). 

KJ«.     8 

(ao-^76«>. 

KIg.     0 

(aO-IKMb) 

Ftg.  10 

(30-232b) 

Fig.  U 

(aO-23»a) 

Fig.  12 

(2O-S40C). 

inouad  2. 

Fig.  13 

(20-547) 

From  geoerml  (UggtogB 

Fig    14 

(aO-l44b). 

mound  1. 

Fig.  16 

(20-156). 

diggingn  or  moimd  1 . 

Fig.  16 

(20-643). 

Fig.  17 

(20-S42). 

of  mound  2. 

OaHIW  —  CtUMOBM,  RiMO  AMD  PiM,  AsTKAOALU*,  AMD  DlSC*  or  PoTTCKI 
AMD   8TOMM. 


CyUnderofMlUer. 
CyUiider  of  wtier. 
Awl  msde  of  bone. 
PhalMix  of  mn  eik. 
Pbalanz  of  a  deor. 
Phalutx  of  %  den. 
Phalanx  of  a  deer. 
Astragalua  of  a  deer. 


From  general  dlnbigi  of  mound  1 
From  general  diggtaigi  of  mound  1. 
From  general  digginga  of  mound  1. 
Prom  general  diggings  of  mound  1 
From  geoerat  diggingi  of  mound  1. 
From  general  digging!  of  mound  1. 
From  general  digging*  of  mound  1. 
From  general  dlggingn  of  mound  1. 


Uiac  made  of  pottery.  From  general  diggings  of  mound  2. 
Diac  made  of  pottery.  From  general  digging*  of  mound  1. 
DIrc  made  of  pottery.  From  general  digginga  of  mound  1 . 
Disc  made  of  yellowiah  sandstone.     From  general  diggings 


of 


Disc  made  uf  yeUowlsh  sandstone  pecked  ooncavely  on  tbe  reverse, 
of  mound  2. 

Disc  chipped   ftom   gray   llmestonn.     From   general   diggings  of 

DImc  mude  of  limestone,  convex  on  tlio  revcnuv     From  general 

Utitc  made  of  limestone  having   hollow  In  the  oenu-r  ami  i>elng 

From  general  dlgginits  of  mound  2. 

Disc  made  of  stone,  convex  on  tlie  reverse.     Krom  gi'^eral  diggings 


A^«THll..p.  Vsr.  .\.  M.  X.  H. 


Vol..  VI.  I'nTt.  Xl.lll. 


lllfe 


I  or 

efae. 
»  or 

i«ral 
elDK 


4^ 


12 


f?.S?C 


m 


15 


6 


10 


II 


t  !A.Mh>. 
I'ttKi'  200) 


r 


i 


MKXOCOPV   ICSOUniON   TiST  CHART 

(ANSI  and  ISO  TEST  CHART  No.  2) 


A    /APPLIED  IIVHGE 


1653  East  Main  Street 

Rochester.   Ne»   Vorl<         14609       USA 

(716)  482 -0300- Ptione 

(716)  288-S989  -Fax 


Platb  XLIV.     Gaheh  —  Dikcb  hade  or  Stune. 


Fig.     1   (2O-003a).     Yellowish  sandstone. 
Pl«.     2  (20-76).     YeUowlsh  sandstone. 
Frederick  H.  Bierbower. 


From  general  diggings  of  mound  3. 
Prom  surfkce  of  fkrm.     Presented  by 


Col 


Wg. 
Fig 
Fig. 
Fig 
Fig. 
Fig. 
FlK. 
Frederick 
Fig. 


(20-964).     Yellowish  sandstone. 
(20-!i49tL).     Yellowish  sandstone 
(20-562a) .     Yellowish  sandstone. 
(20-1086a). 
(20-.M9b). 


From  general  diggings  of  mound  3. 
From  general  diggings  of  momid  2. 
From  general  diggings  of  mound  2. 
Yellowish  sandstone.     From  general  diggings  of  camp  trmich. 
Limestone.     Fri>m  general  diggings  of  mound  2. 


Col. 


(20-551).     Yellowish  sandstone.     Prom  general  diggings  of  mound  2. 
(2O-K0).     Reddish   sandstone.     From   surface  of  fbrm.     Presented    by 
Bierbower.     (See  Plate  lii.  Fig.  3.) 
(20-77).     YellowLth  sandstone.     From  surface  of  hrm.     Presented   by  Col 
Frederick  H.  Bierbower.     (See  Plate  lii,  Fig.  4.) 

Fig.  11  (20-556).     Gray  sandstone.     From  general  diggings  of  mound  2.     (See  Plate 


LII,  Pig.  6.) 

Fig.  i: 

Fig. 

Fig 

Fig 

fig. 
Plate  ui. 

Pis. 
Plate  xLi 


(20-162). 

13  (20-545a). 

14  (20-157b). 

15  '20-541) 

16  (20-540b). 
Fig.  2.) 

17  (20-5.53b). 
.  Pig.  4.) 


Gray  sandstone.     From  general  diggings  of  mound  1. 

Reddish  sandstone.     From  general  diggings  of  mound  2. 

Yellow  sandstone.     From  gmeral  diggings  of  mound  1. 
Gray  sandstone.     From  general  diggings  of  mound  2 

Reddish  sandstone.     From  general  diggings  of  mound 


Yellow  sandstone. 


Fig.  18  (20-160).     YeUow  sandstone. 


From  general  diggings  of  mound  2. 
From  general  diggings  of  mound  1. 


(See 


(See 


Anthhup.  Pap.  A.  M.  N.  H. 


Vol..  VI.  Pi..tTK  XMV. 


u 


Games. 

(Page  210) 


Ill 


Plat«  XI.V.     Piub. 


Fig.  1  (20-1332).  Yellow  Mmdstone.  Prom  general  diggliigs  over  grove  198,  in  fleld. 
Fig.  2  (2»-771).  YeUow  sandstone  bearing  Incised  face.  Prom  near  feet  of  skeleton 
61,  mound  2      (See  Plate  lii.  Fig.  11.) 


Fig. 
Plate  LII, 

Fig. 

Fig. 

Pig. 

Fig. 

Pig. 
Plate  uv 

Fig. 

MI, 


3  (20-1109) 
Fig.  1.) 

4  (2O-1110). 

5  (20-.'i72a). 

6  (20-1111). 

7  (20-«7l). 

8  (20-1207). 
Fig.  12.) 

9  (20-178). 
Fig.  15.) 
Fig.   10   (20-176). 


Yellow  sandstone.     From  generel  diggings  of  camp  trench      (See 

Llmestonv.     Prom  general  diggings  of  camp  tronch. 
Yellow  sandstone.     Prom  general  diggings  of  mound  2. 
Limestone.     Prom  general  diggings  of  camp  trench. 
Y^ow  sandstone.     Prom  general  diggings  of  moimd  2. 
Limestone.     Prom  right    hand   of  skeleton    193.    in    fleld.     (See 

Yeltow  sandstone.     l<Yom  general  diggings  of  mound  1.     (Hoe  Plate 


Yellowish  sandstone  bearing  incised  human  face  on  reverse. 
general  diggings  of  mound  1.     (See  Plate  lii.  Fig.  10.) 

Fig.  11  (20-067)      Modeled  in  pottery.     Prom  general  diggings  of  mound  3 
Plate  Lvi,  Pig.  ic  ) 


From 

(See 


AXTHHOH.  P^P.  A.  M.  X.  If. 


Vol.    VI,    l«i,,rt;  XI.V, 


i 


^  I 

,!l 

i 


8 


(Page  212) 


Pmt»  XLVI.     Pipaa  —  ViiriNUHBD  and  B«iikkh. 

v„.J^  '  /^J."'-    f  J^'"****  "'  »dlowUh  Mndauwe  »Uh   dot  for  drUlitiK  of  Ih>wI. 
r  rom  generv  diionnK*  of  mound  1 

.«r«vrnifl.m^^d*"''     *'''"'^**  °^  yeltowUI.   s.nd.t„no.     FToni   wneral   diK«lng«  ovt-r 

«« J!?;i.^  (20-173).     B,xldtoh  «nd«tonp.  undriUed.  bearinx  JncUcI  huma,    fucf.     Krt.m 
twneral  dignbiRa  of  mound  1 .     (See  Plate  lii,  Klg.  12.) 

«s-    ^^\J  (a>-38).     Conoid  form  pecked  from  Uni.^tone  with  drilUnK   for  bowl   b<«un 
From  surface  of  farm. 

Fig.     H  (2(>-7«2).     Monitor  form,  iindrillwl.  jH^-k.^l  from  limestone.     Kn.m  northwest 
com'*  of  stone  covers  of  skeleton  .TO,  mound  2.  noruiwesi 

Fig.     «  (20-172)      Monlu>r  form,  undrilled,   pecked  from  limestone.     Krom  general 


diggings  of  mound  1 

Fig.     7   (20-670). 
diggings  of  mound  2. 

Fig.     8  (20-127»>. 
human  form  on  base. 
(See  Plate  ui.  Pig.  13.) 

«g.     9  (20-«72b). 

Pte.   10  (20-177). 

P«g.   11   (20-«0b). 

Fig.  12  (20-40C). 


Ume»U)nc.    broken    in    nrocens    of   manuftwture.     Krom    xmeral 

Monitor  form,  undrlltat,  of  yeltowish  sandstone  Untring  indwil 
From  general  diggings  over  grave  177.  embankment  of  sink  hole. 

.     Oray  limeNtonc.     From  general  diggings  of  mound  J. 

YcUowish  sandstone.     ii"rom  general  diggings  of  mound  I. 

Yellowish  sandstone.     From  surface  of  farm. 
Umestone  pipe.     From surfttco of  ftirm.     (See  Piute  xxxvii,  Kig.  i:j.) 


Anthhop   l»«f.  A.  M.  X.  II 


Vi.i    VI.  l»i.,T»  XIA  I. 


^^L 


6 


iiil 
11 

I  ij 

I  ii 


I 


^i7  n 


II 


Pipes  —  rsFiMsHKD  and  Hkokk.n. 

iPaKC  212) 


r 


Plate  XLVII.     Pipes  —  Ui<riNiani:o. 

KIg.  1   (20-5«8).     YHIowish  mndatone  marked  for  beninnlng  of  bowl.     From  Ronenl 
(liKKtnKR  of  mound  2. 

KiK.  2  (20-26a).     Yellow  sandiitone  mu-ktxi  for  beginning  of  bowl  and  splK  loiurl- 
iiidlnally.     Prora  surface  of  farm. 

FlK.  3  (2!>-660).     ReddMi  sandstone  with  driUing  begun  for  both  bowl  and  stem 
From  general  diggings  of  mound  2. 

Fig.  4  (2(>-39).     IJmestonp  In  whteh  a  bowl  has  been  begun,  apparently  by  pecktng 
From  surface  of  farm. 

Fig.  .li  (20-170)      Yellowish  sandstone.     From  general  diggings  of  mound  1. 

Fig.  fi  (20-37).     Yellowish   sandstone  showing  marks  of  pecking.     From  surfkce  of 
Atnn. 


Anthii'ip.  Tap.  A.  M.  N.  H. 


Vol..   Vt,  PHTK  XI.VII. 


r5i 


I'll-KS  r\HMS||KI). 


t     I 

! 


Platb  XLTIII.     Peuohal  Adobnhbiit  —  Bbads  or  Pottbbt.  Bomb,  ahd  Srbll,  and 

PBMDANTa  or  Shbll. 


Fig.  1 
Frederick  H. 
Fig.  2 
mound  2. 
Fig.  3 
Fig.  4 
Fig.  ft 
Pig. 


(20-Mb).    Beada  of  pottery.    From  aurtkce  of  fluni.    PreMOted  by  Col. 

Blarbower. 

(20-796).    Bead  made  of  bone.    From  near  the  left  hand  of  akeieton  (13, 


(20.0^007). 

(20-1159*). 

(20.0^908). 


Bead  made  of  bone. 
Bead  made  of  bone. 
Bead  made  of  bone. 


6  (20-1291).  Bead  made  of  bone 
■keteton  190,  in  field.     (See  Plate  liii.  Fig.  2.) 

Fig.    7  (20-~«)7b).    Bead  made  of  bone. 

Fig.  8  (20-95a).  Bead  made  of  bono. 
Frederick  H.  Bierbower. 

Fig.  9  (20-9Sb).  Bead  made  of  hone. 
Frederick  H.  Bierixtwer. 

Fig.  10  (20-06C).  Bead  made  of  bone. 
Frederick  H.  Bierbower. 

Fig.  11  (20-119b) 

Fig.  12  (20-924) 

Fig.  13  (20-404). 


From  farm. 

From  general  digging*  of  camp  trendi. 
From  fkrm. 
witb  indaed  marks.    From  under  pelvis  of 

From  general  digging!  of  mound  1 . 

From  aurfkoe  of  farm.     Pnwented    by  Col. 

From  surflMse  of  fturm.     Presented  by   Col. 

From  siufkce  of  fhrm.     Presented  by    Col. 


Bead  made  of  bone.     From  general  rtlgglnK«  of  mound  1. 
Cylindrical  beadx  made  of  shell.   From  neck  of  skeleton  121,  mound  2. 
Disc-shaped  beads  made  of  shell.     From  gmeral  diggings  of  mound  1 . 
Disc-shaped  beads  made  of  shell.     From  near  neck  of  skeleton  1 1, 


Cylindrical  beads  made  of  shell.     From  right  elbow  of  skeleton  74, 

Beads  made  of  marine  shell.     From  neck  of  skeleton  194,  embank- 

Bead  made  of  the  ooiumella  of  the  busycon.     From  general  diggings 


Fig.   14  (20-t46). 
mound  1. 

Fig.  m  (20-8:«). 
mound  2. 

Fig.   16  (20-1304) 
mem  of  sink  hole. 

Fig.  17   (20-944>. 
of  mound  2. 

Fig.  18  (20-1158).     Bead  nuide  of  the  columella  of  the  biisycon.     Prom  surface  of 
farm.     Presented  by  Col.  Frederick  H.  Bierbower. 

Fig.  10  (20-867a).     Bead  made  of  olivella.     From  waist  of  skeleton  91,  mound  2. 

Fig.  20  (20-867b).     Bead  made  of  olivella.     From  waUt  of  skeleton  91,  mound  2. 

Pig.  21  (20-867C).     Bead  made  of  olivella.     From  watet  of  skeleton  91,  mound  2. 

Fig.  22  (20-1267a).     Pendant  made  of  olivella.     From  breast  of  skeleton  178,  hillside. 

Fig.  23  (20-1267b).     Pendant  made  of  olivella.     From  breast  of  skeleton  178,  hillside. 

Fig.  24  (20-1020a).     Heads  made  of  marginella  apicina.     From  neck  of  skeleton  132, 
mound  3. 


Anthkiih.  P.»h.  .V.  M.  N.  II. 


Vol..  VI.  I'l.v.K  xi.viir 


f 

±  1 


35 
iil' 


P, 
ll 


i 


1 

I 


Platb  XUX.     PaaaoBAi.  ABoaNiiBm  —  Pbnmmw    mab^    or    Gabai.    Ouau   Bomb, 

Tbbtb,  abb  Bbbu. 


Bt 


but  with 


Prmb  •urfhee  of  flwni. 


From  (urntce 


Fyom  neck  of  akelelon 


From  aurfhce  of  (krm. 


From  ■urikoe  of  t*na. 


Fig. 
Kg. 


(20-431). 
(20-386*). 


ng.    1  (90-A76).    OhkW-dMpad  abfttt  ntBde  of  eauBl  eoid. 
driUlag  Btartad  oa  iwtrae.    Fram  gMMrBl  dicgingi  of  moaad  3. 

Fig.      a    (aO-W).      LOBWlgW  rtlBPWl  pgWUnt  nMMlB  of  CMIBt  COBl. 

PnBWtad  br  Ool.  Fiwterick  H.  Btarbowcr. 

Fig.    3  (ao-«5).    PendBRt  mBde  oT  cbiibI  oobI  with  flBtteiMd  reverae. 
of  Item.    PraMntcd  by  Ooi.  Fradaridi  H.  Btarbowcr. 

Fig.    4  (ao-«a«lB).    Tooth-BbBpcd  pendBnt  mBde  of  obobI  oobI. 
30,  maand  1. 

Fig.    fi  (aO-SOb).    Tootb^hBped  pendBot  made  of  cbobI  oobI. 
Prcaented  bx  Col.  Frederidc  H.  Blerbower. 

Fig.    A  (20-8aB).    Tootb-BhBped  pen^But  made  of  cbdbI  cobI. 
Preaeoted  by  Col.  Frederidc  H.  BIcrbowar. 

Fig.  7  (ao-87).  Tooth-abBiMd  pendBnt  made  of  canal  coal,  with  omamental  dou. 
From  lurfBoe  of  (tern.    Preaeoted  bjr  Col.  Frederldi  H.  Blerbower. 

Fig.  8  (ao-1174).  Pendant  (f)  made  of  a  tbin  piece  of  bone  with  drilled  or  gouged 
perforatimia.    From  general  digginga  of  camp  trench.     (See  Plate  liii.  Fig.  3.) 

Fig.  9  (2(Mi07).  Peodanta  of  canine  teeth  of  at  leaat  three  rhmlUea  of  amall  carnlvon. 
From  neck  of  alieleton  lOS.  momd  2. 

Fig.  10  (ao-30Sb).    Pendant  made  (rfinciaor  of  elk.     From  general  digginga  of  mound  I. 

Fig.  11  (20-105).  Pendant  made  of  canine  of  wolf  bearing  taidaed  IIXIT.  From 
suritee  of  farm.    Preinnted  by  Cul.  Frederidc  H.  Blerbower.     (8«e  Plate  liii.  Fig.  «.) 

Fig.  12  (2O-038B).     Pendant  made  of  shell.    Fnnn  general  diggings  of  mound  2. 

Fig.  13  (20-1032).     Claw-ahaped  pendant  made  of  shell.     From  feet  of  skeleton  137, 

mound  3. 

Pendant  made  of  shell.     From  general  diggings  of  mound  I. 
Perforated  pendant  made  of  a  canine  tooth  of  a  bear.     From 
general  diggings  of  mound  1. 

Fig.  16  (20-38ftb).    Grooved  canine  tooth  of  a  bear.    Fi.n  general  diggings  of  mound  1. 

Fig.  17  (20-108).  Pendant  made  of  a  canipn  tooth  of  a  bear.  From  surface  of  farm. 
Premnted  by  Col.  Frederick  H.  Bierlmwer. 

Fig.  18  (20-387).  Pendant  made  of  canine  tooth  of  a  bear,  with  one  side  flattened  and 
the  other  bearing  zigzag  taidsed  Unes.    Fnmi  general  diggings  of  mound  1. 

Fig.  10  (20-~l71).    Creaoent-ahapnd  pendant  made  of  ahdl.    From  neck  of  skeleton  30, 

mound  1. 

Fig.  20  (20-111).  Pendant  made  of  shell.  From  surface  of  farm.  Presented  by 
Col.  Frederick  H.  Blerbower. 

Fig.  21  (20-427).    Pendant  made  of  shell.    From  general  diggings  of  moimd  1. 

Fig.  22  (20-897).     Pendant  made  of  shell.     From  left  breast  of  skdeton  105,  mound  2. 

Fig.  23  (20-434a).  Tooth-shaped  pendant  made  of  shell.  From  general  diggings  of 
mound  1. 

Fig.  24  (2O-^09a).  Pendant  made  of  shell,  possibly  intended  to  rapresent  a  canine 
tooth  of  an  elk.     From  neck  of  skeleton  30,  mound  1. 

Fig.  25  (20-434b) .     Oblong  pendant  made  of  shell.     From  general  diggings  of  mound  1 . 

Pig.  26  (20- 109a).  Circular  pendant  made  of  shell.  From  surface  of  fkrm.  Pre- 
sented by  Col.  Frederick  H.  Blerbower. 

Fig.  27  (20-864a).  Tooth-shaped  pendant  made  of  shell.  From  neck  of  skeleton  89, 
mound  2. 

Fig.  28  (20-864b).  Tooth-shaped  pendant  made  of  shell  with  Incised  Unes  and  drlllc«l 
doU.     From  neck  of  skeleton  89,  mound  2.     (See  Plate  liii.  Fig.  10.) 

Fig.  29  (20-884C).  Pendant  made  of  shell  with  longitudinal  incised  Unes.  From  neck 
of  skeleton  89,  mound  2.     (See  Plate  liii.  Fig.  9.) 

Fig.  30  (20-1326a).  Tooth-shaped  pendant  made  of  shell  with  transverse  perforation. 
From  neck  of  skeleton  195,  in  Held. 

Pig.  31  (20-1070a).     Pendant  made  of  shell.     From  mound  6. 

Fig.  32  (2O-1078a).     P«idant  made  of  shell.     From  neck  of  skeleton  150,  mound  6. 

Fig.  33  (20-470).  Pendant  made  of  busyoon  sheU.  From  left  of  Jaw  of  skeleton  34, 
mound  1. 

Fig.  34  (20-874).  Pendant  made  of  the  oolumeUa  of  the  busycon  sheU  with  groove  for 
suspension,     h'nm  skuU  of  skeleton  95,  mound  2. 

Fig.  35  (20^937a).    Pep'tant  made  of  shdl.    From  general  diggings  of  mound  2. 


AwTHRiii-.  I'm-   a.  M.  X,  II. 


Vi.i..  VI,  Pi  ATt;  XI.I.V. 


0«#Mf 


i 


I 


Personal  Adohxmext. 
(Page  21"] 


e.m,'t„;h.'*'"""'      "-— t  «"  •  .-ni-t  m^e  „f  ...M,.     From  .en«I  .,«ri^  „, 
b"w«T.  ■™'-     "«"'nn>n  by  Col.  Pn>dcv1ck  U.  Bhr- 

.n,  ,^.  t.r  Tr^.  ^^'Zi^zz^r "'"''  "*"'  ••"  '-''•-"-  -  •-- 


In  Held. 
KiK. 


.•h.*l  of  Hk..|,u,n  IM,  mound  «  *"  ""•  •^"""on-  «»*  .t»penidon.     Prom 

n..k  of  HKeU^urLu^T;!'"'  """"-  """"■"  "»'>  '*»  P-ror.U„„,  for-u-pen^n.     K..m 
or  .kelo,oi"a5rmrd  e""  """'"  "'  ■""""•  '^"'^  '  »•-  °™«-«-     ^".m  -eft  .houlder 


AVTMRIIP.   PtP.   .\.  M.  \.  H. 


v.. I..    VI.   PtOK  I.. 


,^r  ^- 


0 


w 


13 


I 


Personal  Adornment. 
(Page  219) 


1 


h 


I 


f  i 

li 
1 1 


Plate  LI.     Mi»c«lia!«»oo»  0»j«ct». 

FJg.     1  (i»-277).     Fragment  of  »  pottery  object.   po»lbly  of  spool  .hape.     From 

genenO^dtegl^of  mound^l^^^  of  .  pottery  obj«,t.  po«,lbIy  of  spool  shape.     From 

"*'"'S,"''f^°7irpS'obJect    .a«le  of  UmesU,ne.   ,K.ss.bly   ^  unflnlshed   pipe. 

From^^er^dte^^of^mound  1^^^^^^  pott..y  object  of  spoon  shape.     From  genera. 

.IlKKlnw  °f  °|^  ]^  MhUature  pottery  dishes.     From  skeleton  U.  mound  1. 

m.  6  !^134a.  b).  small  pieces  of  pottery.  From  general  diggings  of  camp 
'"""Fig  7(20-778).  Part  ofthe  upper  Jaw  of  a  bear  cut  o«  through  the  roou  of  the  teeth. 
''"*"  rsTat^mr^Art'orSaw  of  a  bear  cut  o«  thn,ugh  the  roots  of  the  teeth. 
*'""Kir'»°'^S)"''CroVantler  perforated  at  one  end.  From  genera,  diggings  of 
■"""fV  10  (20-309).  Perforated  penis  bone  of  a  nw^coon.  From  general  diggings  of 
""""wg.^ll  (20H186).  Tr«nsversely  perforate.1  penis  bone  of  a  raccoon.  From  general 
digging  "/^"J^J^).     C  yUnder  formed  of  antler,  possibly  an  untolshed  knife  handle. 

Krom  near  .eftm...  Of  ;•;«•«- ,^,^^— „«,„„,,     ,._  ,„era.  dU^glngs  of  motmd  ■. 

ml  14  (2a^ll«t).     Bone  whistle  or  flute  with  one  perforation  on  the  reverse.     From 

^•""■^rff^rLr  cSer  of  bone  gr.x.ved  around  and  broken  off  at  each  end.     Fr.m. 

"•■'"i'lf'^'asTroWect  „,a<lo  of  bone  with  spatulate  point  and  perlbratlon  thr„.«h 
the  base  bearing  mineral  deposit.     From  general  diggings  of  mound  1. 


Anthmop.  Pap.  A.  M.  N.  H 


v.. I.    VI,    Pl.ATK   1,1, 


I 


MlS<KI.I.ANK(H  S   ()H.IK(  Ts. 
(Pane  J21) 


■  !  I 


Ji 


41 


ll 


1'i.ATB  UI.     A«T  —  Incibbd  and  ScuLrrtiaco  Stome. 


KIk.     1   (3U-UU0).     Inrised  lines  on  pipe  madu  of  yellowish  mndatouc. 


From  Renural 
Krnm  Keneral 


Kig.     2  (20-.')4(Kl).     Inclarri  cross  on  diac  made  of  roddlsli  sandstone. 
iliKK'nKM  <'f  moimd  2.     (See  Plate  xi.iv.  Fig.  16.) 

Fig.  3  (2O-80).  Inelscd  cross  in  circle  on  disc  made  of  reddish  .sandstone.  From 
surface  of  farm.     Presented  by  Col.  Frederick  H.  Biertxiwer.     (See  Plate  xliv.  Fig.  9.) 

Fig.  4  (20-77).  Incised  lines  on  disc  made  of  yellowish  sandstone.  From  surfltce  of 
farm.     Presented  by  Col.  Frederick  H.  Bierbower.      (See  Plate  xliv.  Pig.  10.) 

Fig.  ".  (20-l()U7a).  Inclxed  linos  and  drilled  pits  hi  disc  made  of  yellowish  sandstone. 
From  general  diggings  ofranii)  trench.     (See  Fig.  la.) 

Fig.  0  rjO-.Vib>.  Incised  lines  and  drlile<l  pits  in  disc  made  of  brownish  sandstone. 
From  general  diggings  of  mound  2.     (See  Fig.  lb.  and  PUte  xliv,  Fig.  11.) 

Fig.     7   (2()-27r>).     .Notches  In  object  made  of  stone.     From  general  diggings  of  mound  I . 

Fig.  8  (20-181).  In(is<>d  plctngraph  on  slate  i>ebblc.  From  general  diggings  of 
mound  1. 

Fig.  9  (20-l)«5).  Incised  anhnal  form  (m  fragment  of  disc  ma<ie  of  yellowish  sand- 
slotie.     From  general  diggings  of  mound  3.     (.Sec  Fig.  Ic.) 

Fig.  10  (20-176).  Incised  human  face  on  pipe  of  yellowish  sandstone.  Incised  con- 
centric clrnleu  and  cross  lines  on  reverse  shown  In  Plate  xlv.  Fig.  10.  From  general 
diggings  of  mound  1. 

Fig.  11  (20-771).  Incised  face  on  pipe  made  of  yellowish  sandstone.  From  near  feet 
of  skeleton  Gl,  moimd  2.     (See  Plate  xlv.  Fig.  2.) 

Fig.  12  (20-173).  Incised  face  on  conoid  form  of  unfinished  pipe  made  of  reddish 
sandstone.     From  general  diggings  of  mound  1.     (See  Plate  xlvi  Fig.  3.) 

Fig.  13  (20-1279).  Incised  human  figure  on  base  of  unfinished  monitor  pipe  ma<le  of 
yellowish  sandstone.  Frrjm  general  diggings  over  grave  177.  embankment  of  sink  hole. 
(See  Plato  xi.vi.  Fig.  8.) 

Fig.  14  (20-573).  Sculptured  human  face  on  piece  of  yellowish  sandstone,  groovt^  iiti 
reverse.     Fn>m  general  diggings  cf  moimd  2. 

Fig.  l.">  (20-178).  Sculptured  moccasin  on  fragment  of  a  pi|Ht.  From  general  diggings 
of  mound  1.     (See  Plate  xlv.  Fig.  !).) 


Amhhoi'.  V\p.  a.  M.  N.  II. 


V(.i..  VI.  Pi  ATI:  I.II. 


*  -J 


] 


AhT — In(I,sKI)    AM)    S<  I  I.PII  KKI>    ,'^ToNK. 


11 

1 


PI.ATI1  Lll!.     AiiT—  iRciaco.  NoTCHitv.  amd  Drilled.     Bomk,  lvo«r,  and  Smrii.. 

Kta.  I  (20-352).  Till  iMXcbw  on  twi  inMlt>  of  tarMnnelatanuii  of  •  wild  turki-y 
From  senwml  dintno  of  roound  1. 

Kl«.  2  (a»-l»l).  Inciaed  b«wl  dimIp  of  bone.  Knmi  under  pWvbi  of  ikekttan  IWl 
In  Iteid.     (Hee  Piste  xi  vm,  Flic,  fl.) 

Vis.  3  (20-1174).  Drilled  or  soused  perforations  In  pendant  made  of  bone.  From 
Ktmtral  dlgginKa  of  camp  trench.     'See  Plate  xlix.  Klg.  8.  i 

Fig.  4  (20-727.)  Nolchei  and  drilled  pits  on  frainnent  of  xpatulate  object  made  of 
Iwnc      From  general  digglngH  of  mound  2. 

Fig.  ft  (2(H338).  Indued  XIII  X  on  pendant  made  of  ranine  tooth  of  a  wolf.  From 
general  diggingg  over  grave  106.  In  fleld. 

Fig.  0  (20-lOS).  Inciaed  IIXII  on  pendant  maile  of  canine  tooth  of  a  wolf.  From 
Kurfacc  of  farm.     Pnaented  by  Col.  Frederick  H.  Bierbower.     (See  PUte  xnx.  Fig.  11.) 

Fig.  7(20-1178).  Inciaed  IIIXIII  on  pendant  made  of  canine  tooth  Ufa  bear.  From 
geniTal  digging*  of  camp  trench. 

'.'"■g.     8  (20-932).     Notchai  in  edge  of  uido  ahell.     From  general  diggings  of  mound  2. 

Fig.  i)  (20-H64P).  Indued  longitudinal  Une  on  pendant  made  of  shell.  From  neck  of 
skeleton  SB.  mound  2.     (See  Plate  xlix.  Fig.  29.) 

Fig.  10  (20-8a4b).  Incised  line  and  drilled  plu  on  ciaw-shaped  pendant  made  of  shell. 
I-Yiim  nock  of  skeleton  89,  mound  2.     (See  Platw  xlix,  Fig.  28.) 


Anthikii-.  INf.  A    M    N.  H. 


v.. I..  VI.  I»i.n.  Mil 


.1.. 

irkfy. 
t  IWI, 
From 
id«  of 
From 

From 

.) 
From 

nd  :>. 
ck  of 

xholi. 


I 


Am       IvirsKi).  NoTciiKi).  and  Dkillkd. 

I'aur   L'-Jl'i 


i 


J'l.ATK  T,IV.     Art — Modelcd   and  Painted  on   Pottehv,  Sculptireu   in  Htonk. 


VifC.  1  (20-228a).  Modeled  row  of  points  on  rim  of  |>ot.  From  general  digging!!  of 
mound   1 . 

Fig.  2  (20-11241)).  Modeled  knob  «1lh  central  deprension  on  fragment  of  pottery. 
From  general  diggings  of  camp  trench. 

Fig.  :*  (20-91).  Modeled  bird  head  from  rhn  of  ixit.  Front  surface  of  fUrm.  Pr»-- 
sented  by  Col.  Fnxlerick  H.  Pierbower. 

Fig.  4  (20-272).  Modek^i  blrtl  head  from  rini  of  iHit.  From  Kcneral  digglnits  of 
mound  1. 

Fig.     5  (20-">.'>).     Modeled  bird  hrad  I'mm  rim  of  t>ot.     From  surface  of  farm. 

Fig.  «  (20-92).  Mmleleri  bird  head  from  rim  of  i>ot.  From  surface  of  farm.  Pre- 
8euti<d  by  (.'ol.  Frt-derick  H.  Bierliower. 

Fig.  7  (20-<)22).  Model«l  bird  head  from  rim  of  ix>t.  From  general  dig;dngs  of 
mound  2. 

Fig.  h  i20  1127).  Modelwl  human  face  on  rim  of  pot.  Frcmi  general  diggings  of 
cainp  trench. 

Fig.  '.»  (20-(m)).  Modol«l  li/,ani-llke  form  in  ismery.  Frtim  gentTal  diggings  ol' 
mound  2. 

Fig.  10  (20-«2:j).  Modekxl  llsh-iike  form  in  p<»ttery.  From  general  diggings  of 
nioimd  2. 

Fig.  11  (20-270).  Line  diwign  painletl  in  Ijrown  on  (lottery.  From  general  diggings 
of  mound  1. 

Fig.  12  (20-1297b).  Pipe  of  stone  of  artistic  shape.  From  right  hand  of  skeleton  193, 
in  Held.     (See  Plate  xlv,  Fig.  .s.) 


An'Thniip.  J»m'.  a.  M.  X.  H. 


Vol..    VI,    I'lATK    1,1V. 


'^^t 


fy^i 


]? 


Art. 


■^•s 


Plate    LV.     Aht— Decoiia 


»N«     ON      POTTERT      DEBIVED     FKOM      PROCESSES     OF     MaNC- 
rACTCRE. 


Fig. 

mound  2. 

Fig. 
mound  2. 

Fig. 


1  (20-624C).     Rows  of  finger  impressions  on  potKry 

2  (20-591).     Finger   nail   Impressions   on    ix)tt«ry. 


From  general  diggings  of 
From   general  diggings   of 


:i 


yrora 


tip  and  nail  impn-swlons  on  necic  of  pot.     From  general 


..„e«rH.™.„^i!'*""r  "'■     ^r  "^  ""*•*  "*"  impressions  on  rim  and  neclc  of  pot. 
general  diggings  of  mound  2. 

Fig.     4   (20-24611).     Fing 

diggings  of  mound  1. 

.,«-.  L**  ''  '?I^"^*!l-  '■'""^  "^  ''"*■  '"  '""^  '^'"  """Wing  row  of  finger  tip  and  nail  Im- 
presstons  "l"«'^»P«ced  to  Press  fold  Into  place.     From  general  dlggings^lf  camp  trench 

Fig.     «  (20-254a).     Fold  of  clay  to  form  rim  of  pot  showing  row  of  flnger  tip  impr«^ 
slons  «,u«lly  spa«,d  U.  press  fold  Into  place.     From  general  dlggT^  of  mouTl.   "^       "^ 

fln«er  tins  '  i^^'^^l'^^'J:^""'  "/  '"°  "'  ^^  "^""^"^  "»*  «'  impr«»loa,  resembllmj 
nnger  tips.     I-Yom  general  diggings  of  mound  1. 

FronflfeneL'^iinlfr  ^'*'""^^  "'  ^">  "'  P°'  ""owing  flnger  tip  and  nail  lmpr««,lons. 
j<rom  general  diggings  of  camp  trench. 

Pronflf^n-.^.'^.'"'  /'"'«""'"'  "'  '^™  "^  P»«  HHowlug  diagonal  Impressions  of  finger  tli«. 
From  general  diggings  of  mound  2. 

™ualK*sn's"cplf"^Tt!r'.  ^"«"«''"  "^  ■••«»  »f  P"*  "lowing  fold  ofclay  and  rows  of  Impressions 
equally  spaced.  The  lower  row  1^  appan-ntly  made  with  a  tool,  -^he  upper  row  po-wlblv 
an  iml  atlon  of  finger  tip  lmpresslo.u..     From  genera:  diggings  of  mo.md  1  '^ 

.™.,^  .  *20-244a).     Fragment  of  rim  of  pot  showing  fold  to  form  rim  and  row  of 

impressions,  equally  spaced  to  pr««  fold  Into  place.     From  general  diggings  of  nln.U 


-\s  II I'll'    A.  M    \.  II. 


\  C.I.  \  I  ,,    |.\ 


Art. 

(Page  2221 


Platb  LVI.     Abt  —  Premsed  and  Incihed  Dehiqnb  on  Puttebt. 


KIk.      1    (2<MI02a). 
(ilKKinKK  of  mound  2. 

rig.     2  CiO-lVi.'ic). 
(liKKiiiKs  of  camp  trench. 

Fig.     3   (2a-n26d). 


Fragmpnt  of  rim  of  pot   with   preood   notchca.     From  general 
Fragment  of  rim  of  pot  with  premed  note-hex.     From  general 


From 


From  general 


Fragment  of  rim  of  pot  with  row  of  modeled  polnu. 
general  diggiagti  of  camp  trench. 

Fig.     4   fa(^  243a).     Fragment  of  rim  of  pot  with  row  of  modeled  polntii 
diggings  of  mound  1. 

Fig.  r,  iaO-fl«*).  Fragment  of  rim  of  |M»t  bearing  ridge  Indited  Into  notches  before 
flring.     From  gew*it  diggings  of  mound  2. 

Fig.  6  (20-2«8  Fragment  of  rim  of  iK>t  bearing  ridge  Incised  before  firing  into 
notches.     From  general  diggings  of  mound  1 . 

Fig.  7  (20-11266).  Fragment  of  rim  of  pot  bearing  row  of  modeled  points.  Fr«>m 
general  diggings  of  camp  trench. 

Fig.  8  (20-600b).  Fragment  of  rim  of  pot  bearing  design  apparently  drawn  In  the 
clay  with  the  Anger  or  a  blunt  implement.     From  general  diggings  of  mound  2.     (.See  Fig.  Ig.) 

Fig  9  (20-618).  Fragment  »f  rim  of  pot  bearing  design  apparently  drawn  In  the 
Way  with  I  he  finger  or  a  blunt  implement .     From  general  diggings  of  mound  2.     (.See  Fig.  I  f.) 

Fig.  10  (20-967).  Pipe  made  of  pottery  bearing  two  encircling  g-ooves  between  which 
are  five  dots  all  apparently  made  by  drawing  and  pressing  in  the  clay  w.h  a  blimt  implement, 
rnmi  general  diggings  of  mound  3.     (See  Plati-  xlv,  Fig.  11.) 


AsTHKiii-.  INh.  a.  M.  X.  H. 


Vi.i.    VI.  l»i.Ar».  I. VI. 


Art. 


Pig 


1  (j(>-24a»). 

2  (aO-237»). 
Ktg.  3  (a(V-245b). 
Ptg.  4  (20-U2ftr) 
ilK.  S  (30-346b). 

ng.  a  (ao-si48b). 

FK.  7  (aO-fl02b). 
FlB-  K  (aO-330). 


PI.ATB   LVII.      AbT— l!«CI«BO   PoTT««T. 

K-oin  Benerml  digging*  of  mouml  1. 
Kixm  gtmerml  diggings  of  mound  1. 
Kroin  goMnl  diggings  of  mound  1. 
From  genermi  digging!  of  cwnp  trtmch. 
From  general  diggings  of  mound  I. 
From  geMnl  diggings  of  mound  1. 
From  genenl  diggings  of  mound  2. 
From  ttenenX  diggings  of  mound  I. 


ANriiM..,.    I'w    A    M    \.  II 


\'-<    VI     I'l  ,if    I. Ml 


Aim'   -I\<iski)  1'ottkhv. 
' Pane  222) 


1 


*  I 


--       -  *■  »  - 


-.■■'.S.  -.^-^x^s^'i^ilix-.J,^-.::.:^ — 


Fig.   1  (2l)-242d). 

*"ig.  2  (20-202a). 

*■««.  3  (20-251a). 

Fig.  4  (20-817). 

Vig.  5  (20-240b). 


Plate  LVIII.     Art— iNcigED  Pottert. 


From  general  diggings  of  mound  1. 
From  general  diggings  of  mound  1. 
From  general  diggings  or  mound  1. 
From  above  grave  70.  mound  2. 
From  general  digging*  .     mound  1. 


(SeeKig.  Id) 


Anthhuf.  Pai-   a.  M.  X.  H. 


v.. I.    VI.  Pl.ATK  LVIII. 


AUT     -  In(  ISKI)    I'oTTKItV. 
iI'llK''  L'2Jj 


j^^,„_lSCIIIBD   POTTBRT. 


Kill!. 
Fig. 
Ktg. 
Ktg. 


Platb  UX. 
K«>mgeaer..dtegU«»ofn««"^^l; 


StSL)    Xm  general  digging*  of  camP  trencl». 
;^^?   Fwrn  g^Ter-l  digging-  of  mound  I. 


(See  Fig.  IP.) 


AvTHMi.l'.    I»«M.    A     M.    X      li. 


v.. I.  VI.  I'l  »rK  MX. 


AiiT  —  Inciski)  I'dttkky. 


■^.-,-^..t-; 


Pi.AtB  LX.     Methob  or  Bubial-Moi  kb. 

to  rteht;   B  4  beyond  cmu^^tj^^^""-   ''•  '"  '""*"•'  '-'•'•"^-d:   B  ..  n.*r TuC 
*U,..N„..=.700(.79.Hao,.     A.Ur..„K.und,.     Pnnn  the  w«». 


Anthhoi'.  Pah   A.  M.  N    II. 


v.. I..   VI     PL«Tt    I.X. 


<' 


T 

.     :'^'^^^ 

mi  ^- 

-4.  ^  * 

'  V'^4  ' 

^HH^^^ 

1 

:-,    .                               '--i 

# 

^^.- 


MkTIKII)    ok    HlHlAI.  —  M(HM). 
I  Pane   JJHi 


Platk  I^I.     Method  or  Blbial  —  SKet-ETonii  m  Mocnd*. 

Pig.  1  Ncg.  4270«  (185,  <i«9).  Skeletons  flexed  and  at  length  In  mound  ».  From  the 
went.     PneletOM  34.  47.  40.  33.  32.  26.  ^  „      „ 

Fig  2  Neg.  42724  (203.  WW).  Skeleton  83,  rock  heap  and  grave  87.  mound  i.  from 
the  -^est  Stake  C  shows  new  shovel  at  center  of  mound.  Stake  B  I  shows  at  right  upper 
comer. 


Antkiioi'    V\i:  A.  M    N    II 


v.. I     VI    l>niK  I, XI. 


MktiiiiI)  iiK   !ii  HiAi.      Ski;i,ktu\s  in   Mill  \i)> 


5*^t9*t_tM- 


I 


Plate  LXII.     Mbthod  of  Btbiai.  —  Stose  Ohaveh. 


Fig.  1  Neg.  42742  (222,  911).  Oravt;  188.  From  the  northeut.  Stake  '.'  shows  in 
liaclcground.     Mound  6  outaide  of  grave  beyond  top  of  grave  188. 

Fig.  2  Neg.  42743  (223.  912).  Skeieuw  «  length  in  grave  188.  Fnmi  the  north  north- 
ewl. 


ANTiiKiir    I'Af,  A    M    \    II 


Vol     Vi.  Pi  %TK  I.XII. 


MkTHod    llK    HlKIAI,  —  ST(I.\K    (;HAVK^ 


i 


4 


^ 


I 


P 


I 


* 


f 


ll 


I 


Pl»t«  LXIII.    Method  or  Bubial  —  gvoMc  QuAyn. 


Anthkmi'    I'u'   a    M.  N.  II. 


Vol..      VI.     IM.ATK     I.XIII. 


>:-*^-:. 


1 


Mktiioi)  iiK  Urm.M,  —  Sto.nk  (Ihwk.- 


-I- 


^ 


Plat«  LXIV.     Mktmciu  i>r  BmiAi. —  DoraLc  Bout. 


m.  1  Seg.  42716  (195.  8JJ0).  Slcekjton  70.  partly  covemi  with  boon*  of  »ltel«ton  77. 
Krom  the  wMt.    Htalce  marking  grave  71  ihoira  near  knife. 

Pig.  2  Neg.  42717  (19A.  iWI).  Hame  aa  Pig.  I  after  bonea  of  ukrieton  77  had  bran 
removed.     Fn>ni  the  west. 


Antumop   P«f    \   M    N    II 


Vol    VI    Pi«r»  I.XIV. 


rton  77. 
td  bran 


Methoi'  ok  Hi  KIM,  —  Doriii.K  Hi  hial. 


